{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:33:41Z","timestamp":1777415621120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2023.00456.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00456.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMiss\u00e3o Interface\u201d","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMiss\u00e3o Interface\u201d","award":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMiss\u00e3o Interface\u201d","award":["2023.00456.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00456.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMiss\u00e3o Interface\u201d","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2023.00456.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00456.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program","award":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 03\/C05i02\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program","award":["2023.00456.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00456.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of ergonomics has been significantly shaped by the advent of evolving technologies linked to new industrial paradigms, often referred to as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and, more recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0). Consequently, several studies have reviewed the integration of advanced technologies for improved ergonomics in different industry sectors. However, studies often evaluate specific technologies, such as extended reality (XR), wearables, artificial intelligence (AI), and collaborative robot (cobot), and their advantages and problems. In this sense, there is a lack of research exploring the state of the art of I4.0 and I5.0 virtual and digital technologies in evaluating work-related biomechanical risks. Addressing this research gap, this study presents a comprehensive review of 24 commercial tools and 10 academic studies focusing on work-related biomechanical risk assessment using digital and virtual technologies. The analysis reveals that AI and digital human modelling (DHM) are the most commonly utilised technologies in commercial tools, followed by motion capture (MoCap) and virtual reality (VR). Discrepancies were found between commercial tools and academic studies. However, the study acknowledges limitations, including potential biases in sample selection and search methodology. Future research directions include enhancing transparency in commercial tool validation processes, examining the broader impact of emerging technologies on ergonomics, and considering human-centred design principles in technology integration. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of biomechanical risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety10030079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1726136127000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Digital and Virtual Technologies for Work-Related Biomechanical Risk Assessment: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C.","family":"Anacleto Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center\/LASI, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTin\u2014Centro de Interface Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial, 4970-786 Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal"},{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLAB, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center\/LASI, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"DTx\u2014Digital Transformation CoLAB, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center\/LASI, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTin\u2014Centro de Interface Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial, 4970-786 Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal"},{"name":"ADiT\u2014Lab, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio Ivan","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTin\u2014Centro de Interface Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial, 4970-786 Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal"},{"name":"ADiT\u2014Lab, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"IT\u2014Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center\/LASI, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"El A Literature Review on the Evolution of Lean Manufacturing","volume":"10","author":"Abbadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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