{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:24Z","timestamp":1760146464946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia [Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology]","award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, higher education institutions adopted a set of measures to ensure safe face-to-face teaching and to control potential outbreaks. However, the effectiveness of the implemented measures is dependent on the behavior of students, who are generally young, often displaced, living with other colleagues, and constantly seeking physical contact, which makes their behavior outside the institution also of particular relevance to controlling the pandemic. An online questionnaire was developed and applied to characterize the behaviors adopted by students inside and outside the higher education institution, as well as risk perception based on the health belief model (HBM) and unrealistic optimism, with the participation of 620 students from three Portuguese higher education institutions. The adoption of safe behaviors is related to a greater perception of the benefits and of the severity of COVID-19. Unrealistic optimism also has a negative impact on preventive behaviors. The behaviors least adopted by students concerning potential exposure to COVID-19 were disinfecting hands and equipment after use, as well as physical distancing from colleagues. With regard to behaviors adopted outside the institution, it was found that students did not avoid physical contact with colleagues and family members. These findings contribute to our understanding of student behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, help institutions understand if the applied strategies were effective or not, and denote the need to reinforce or improve the implemented strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety10040094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T03:53:14Z","timestamp":1731383594000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventive Behaviors Among Higher Education Students in Response to COVID-19: The Role of Risk Perception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Peralta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health\/Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela V.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health\/Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE)\/Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artemisa R.","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o (CIR), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Almeida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1549-020 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"OSEAN\u2013Outermost Regions Sustainable Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta Vasconcelos","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CISAS\u2013Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico, 14 de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delfina","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health\/Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade (ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Algoritmi Research Centre\/LASI, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO)\/Health Research Network (RISE), Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade(ESS), Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Worldometer (2024, April 23). 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