{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T16:45:55Z","timestamp":1768668355925,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen and poses a significant occupational hazard to outdoor workers. Despite preventive guidelines, adherence to protective measures remains inconsistent. This systematic review identified the protective measures adopted by healthy outdoor workers and assessed their adherence to and the effectiveness of these measures. Following the PRISMA 2020 statement, the review searched Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed for peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies included at least 100 healthy participants and evaluated preventive or protective measures against solar UVR. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the McMaster Critical Review Form. From 17,756 records, 51 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and a subsequent snowballing process. The identified protective strategies clustered into physical, behavioural, and organisational categories. Adherence ranged from low to moderate, with structured interventions and employer support improving compliance. Sunscreen use remained low due to perceived inconvenience and lack of provision. Overall, the evidence revealed substantial variability in implementation and effectiveness across occupations. Strengthened regulations and integrated interventions combining education, personal protective equipment, and organisational measures are essential. Future research should prioritise longitudinal designs and objective indicators such as biomarkers and dosimetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety12010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1768465596000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: A Systematic Review of Protective Measures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Centre for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Unit, Entre Douro E Vouga Local Health Unit, E.P.E., Av. do Prof.\u00ba Egas Moniz 7, 4520-244 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Centre for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2367-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-4555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Carvalhais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Centre for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 100D, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.13075\/mp.5893.00342","article-title":"The Effect of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) on Induction of Skin Cancers","volume":"67","author":"Pacholczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Pr. Work. 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