{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:05Z","timestamp":1760234045679,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although safety climate has been the object of multiple studies in the last thirty years, the relationship between safety climate and organizational climate has been scarcely investigated. The Organizational and Safety Climate Inventory (OSCI) was the first and only validated instrument to allow the assessment of organizational and safety climates simultaneously and by using the same theoretical framework. The present work investigated the psychometric properties of OSCI in an Italian sample at the group level; study 1 (N = 745) examined the factor structure of the scale by using confirmatory factor analyses. Study 2 (N = 471) advanced the original Portuguese validation by testing its measurement equivalence across gender and company sector through multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses. Results confirmed one higher-order factor structure with four first-order factors for both Organizational Climate and Safety Climate, with Organizational Climate predicting Safety Climate. Moreover, the scale was found to be invariant between men and women and between different types of company. Reliability, discriminant, and criterion validities of the scale showed very good values. Overall, the findings strengthened the original claim of the OSCI to be a valid and innovative instrument, which allows the identification of specific dimensions of safety climate, starting from a more general model of organizational climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety7010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T21:42:41Z","timestamp":1615930961000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Italian Validation of OSCI: The Organizational and Safety Climate Inventory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Platania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2303-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Paolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kingston Business School, Kingston University, London KT2 7LB, UK"}]},{"given":"Silvia A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRU-IUL, ISCTE-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Organizational Behavior and Human Resources, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1993). Advisory Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (ACSNI), Study Group on Human Factors, Third Report: Organising for Safety, HMSO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00014-X","article-title":"The nature of safety culture: A review of theory and research","volume":"34","author":"Guldenmund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.65.1.96","article-title":"Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications","volume":"65","author":"Zohar","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00013-8","article-title":"Perspectives on safety culture","volume":"34","author":"Glendon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(01)00006-6","article-title":"Safety climate factors, group differences and safety behaviour in road construction","volume":"39","author":"Glendon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(03)00043-2","article-title":"OSCI: An Organisational and Safety Climate Inventory","volume":"42","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1983.tb00500.x","article-title":"On the etiology of climates","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borman, W.C., Ilgen, D.R., and Klimoski, R.J. (2003). Organizational culture and climate. Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei1201"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zedeck, S. (2011). Perspectives on organizational climate and culture. APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Vol. 1. Building and Developing the Organization, Am. Psychol. Assoc.","DOI":"10.1037\/12169-000"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"634","article-title":"Assembling Fragments into a Lens: A Review, Critique, and Proposed Research","volume":"35","author":"Kuenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agenda for the Organizational Work Climate Literature. J. Manage."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.12.009","article-title":"Exploring patterns of multiple climates and their effects on safety performance at the department level","volume":"72","author":"Paolillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Safety Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00008-4","article-title":"The Impact of Organizational Climate on Safety Climate and Individual Behavior","volume":"34","author":"Neal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.09.018","article-title":"Creating safer workplaces: Assessing the determinants and role of safety climate","volume":"35","author":"DeJoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Safety Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.3.681","article-title":"Safety climate as a mediator between foundation climates and occupational accidents: A group-level investigation","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.12.019","article-title":"Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Zohar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accident. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Quick, J.C., and Tetrick, L.E. (2011). Safety climate: Conceptual and measurement issues. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5","article-title":"Assessing the state of organizational safety\u2014culture or climate","volume":"18","author":"Mearns","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol. Develop. Learn. Pers. Social."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379808256862","article-title":"Safety culture: Key theoretical issues","volume":"12","author":"Pidgeon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work Stress."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2018.02.008","article-title":"Multilevel Safety Climate in The UK Rail Industry: A Cross Validation of the Zohar and Luria MSC Scale","volume":"110","author":"Curcuruto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.06.001","article-title":"Deriving the factor structure of safety climate scales","volume":"47","author":"Shannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.11.4.315","article-title":"The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review","volume":"11","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"163","article-title":"Assessing safety culture","volume":"34","author":"Ostrom","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucl. Safety."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"269","article-title":"La medida del clima de seguridad y salud laboral [A measure of safety climate and work health]","volume":"15","author":"Melia","year":"1999","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.08.015","article-title":"The effects of safety climate on vessel accidents in the container shipping context","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Accid Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"136","article-title":"Making sense of climate: A meta-analytic extension of the competing values framework","volume":"10","author":"Beus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/job.312","article-title":"Validating the organizational climate measure: Links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation","volume":"26","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Weiner, I., Schmitt, N., and Highhouse, S. (2012). Organizational culture and climate. Handbook of Psychology, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Schneider, B. (1990). Climate and culture: An evolution of constructs. Organizational Climate and Culture, Jossey-Bass Publishers."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Schein, E. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/135943299398168","article-title":"Organizational culture: The focus questionnaire","volume":"8","author":"Koopman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psy."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379808256861","article-title":"Safety culture: Philosopher\u2019s stone or man of straw?","volume":"12","author":"Cox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00012-6","article-title":"Measuring safety climate: Identifying the common features","volume":"34","author":"Flin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Silva, S. (2008). Culturas de Seguran\u00e7a e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Acidentes de Trabalho numa Abordagem Psicossocial: Valores Organizacionais Declarados e em Uso, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2012.04.010","article-title":"Multilevel approach to organizational and group safety climate and safety performance: Co-workers as the missing link","volume":"50","author":"Brondino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2009.06.002","article-title":"Effects of safety climate on safety norm violations: Exploring the mediating role of attitudinal ambivalence toward personal protective equipment","volume":"40","author":"Cavazza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"77","article-title":"Mediation effects of safety climate and safety motivation on the relation between organizational climate and safety performance in the workplace","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"TPM"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-01-2015-0002","article-title":"Promoting Safety Participation through Diversity and Inclusion Climates","volume":"9","author":"Paolillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Workplace Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9651-6","article-title":"Development and validation of an Integrated Organizational Safety Climate Questionnaire with multilevel confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"47","author":"Brondino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.01.012","article-title":"Does Safety Climate Predict Safety Performance in Italy and the USA? Cross-cultural Validation of a Theoretical Model of Safety Climate","volume":"77","author":"Barbaranelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barling, J., and Frone, M.R. (2004). Safety climate and safety at work. The Psychology of Workplace Safety, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10662-000"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1023\/B:RIAN.0000005926.03250.c0","article-title":"Gender differences in risk perception: Theoretical and methodological perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Gustafson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916596283003","article-title":"Gender and environmental risk concerns: A review and analysis of available research","volume":"28","author":"Davidson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500000346","article-title":"Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men?","volume":"1","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Judgm. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-019-2044-4","article-title":"Investigation of Demographic Factors in Construction Employees\u2019 Safety Perceptions","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106298973","article-title":"Testing equivalence in the structure, means, and variances of higher order constructs with structural equation modelling","volume":"11","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","article-title":"A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research","volume":"3","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021484","article-title":"Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes","volume":"96","author":"Nahrgang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1997.1620","article-title":"The effects of perceived and objective safety risk on employee outcomes","volume":"53","author":"Morrow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1348\/096317909X452122","article-title":"An Integrative Model of Safety Climate: Linking Psychological Climate and Work Attitudes to Individual Safety Outcomes Using Meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occupa. Organ. Psych."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Neves, J. (2000). Clima Organizacional, Cultura Organizacional e Gesta\u00f5 de Recursos Humanos [Organisational Climate, Organisational Culture and Human Resources Management], RH Editora."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Drenth, P.J.D., Thierry, H., and Wolff, C.J. (1998). Organizational culture. Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Vala, J., Monteiro, M.B., Lima, M.L., and Caetano, A. (1994). Culturas Organizacionais [Organisational Cultures]. Psicologia Social das Organizacionais: Estudos em Empresas Portuguesas, Celta Editora."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379808256866","article-title":"Safety culture as an ongoing process: Culture surveys as opportunities for enquiry and change","volume":"12","author":"Carroll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work Stress."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(97)00020-9","article-title":"The development of a measure to safety climate: The role of safety perceptions and attitudes","volume":"25","author":"Williamson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Safety Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379108257007","article-title":"The structure of employee attitudes to safety: A European example","volume":"5","author":"Cox","year":"1991","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaufeli, W.B., and Bakker, A.B. (2021, March 15). Test Manual for the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Unpublished Manuscript, Utrecht University, 2003; Utrecht, The Netherlands. Available online: http:\/\/www.schaufeli.com.","DOI":"10.1037\/t76451-000"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000020","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9): A cross-cultural analysis","volume":"26","author":"Balducci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J. Psychol Assess."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Arbuckle, J.L. (2012). IBM\u00ae SPSS\u00ae Amos\u2122 21: Users Guide, IBM."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.3.568","article-title":"Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance","volume":"93","author":"Meade","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modeling"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.2.306","article-title":"Rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement","volume":"78","author":"James","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.2.356","article-title":"Accurate tests of statistical significance for rwg and average deviation interrater agreement indexes","volume":"88","author":"Dunlap","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.2.219","article-title":"Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement","volume":"67","author":"James","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2013). Beyond Significance Testing: Statistics Reform in the Behavioral Sciences, American Psychological Association. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/14136-000"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J022v13n02_01","article-title":"The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates","volume":"13","author":"Macdonald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Employee Assist. Quart."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Bagozzi, R. (1994). Advanced topics in structural equation models. Advanced Methods of Marketing Research, Blackwell Publishers."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","article-title":"A checklist for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Lugtig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Marketing Res."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., and Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson\u2014Prentice Hall. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2009.05.003","article-title":"Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty and Shiu (2009)","volume":"63","author":"Farrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"872","article-title":"Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process","volume":"20","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2015.1096059","article-title":"Relationship of safety climate perceptions and job satisfaction among employees in the construction industry: The moderating role of age","volume":"21","author":"Stoilkovska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030150505","article-title":"Why do people say nasty things about self-reports?","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Menon, S. (2010). Organizational values associated to safety climate: Between flexibility and control. Competing Values in an Uncertain Environment: Managing the Paradox, ISSWOV\u2014International Society for the Study of Work & Organizational Values Department of Management and Marketing, Louisiana State University."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1086\/222785","article-title":"A theory of social integration","volume":"65","author":"Blau","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.08.009","article-title":"Investment in workforce health: Exploring the implications for workforce safety climate and commitment","volume":"42","author":"Mearns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.1.170","article-title":"Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship:safety climate as an exemplar","volume":"88","author":"Hofmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2010.02.001","article-title":"Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management","volume":"41","author":"Dejoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.10.007","article-title":"Beyond Safety Outcomes: An Investigation of the Impact of Safety Climate on Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement and Turnover Using Social Exchange Theory as the Theoretical Framework","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2005.03.002","article-title":"Management commitment to safety as organizational support: Relationships with non-safety outcomes in wood manufacturing employees","volume":"36","author":"Michael","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021731","article-title":"The \u2018\u2018is\u2019\u2019 and the \u2018\u2018ought\u2019\u2019: How perceived social norms influence safety behaviors at work?","volume":"16","author":"Fugas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psych."}],"container-title":["Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/7\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:38Z","timestamp":1760160998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/7\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["safety7010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/safety7010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-576X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-576X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}