{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:43:03Z","timestamp":1760362983417,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BD08445\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BD08445\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Work in rural properties in conditions similar to slavery remains a reality in many countries, including Brazil. The Brazilian State characterises contemporary slave labour as a condition of freedom restriction for paying off debt, served by intensive working hours or inadequate working conditions related to Occupational Safety and Health. This study highlights the working conditions in rural slavery in Brazil, based on the Occupational Safety and Health perspective. The study was carried out based on a sample of Inspection Reports of the Governmental Authority to Combat Modern Slavery. A random sample of 42 reports was collected and analysed, describing the working conditions of 392 rural workers characterised as labour analogous to slavery. The analysis strategy was carried out from an Occupational Safety and Health standpoint. Data sets were identified and selected, grouped into five categories: Work routine; General health conditions; Manual machines and tools; Environmental conditions. Widespread exposure of Neo-enslaved workers to stressful working hours was found, in addition to severe Occupational Safety and Health problems. The occurrence of all these characteristics simultaneously was the most observed phenomenon among the sample, which demonstrates that it is possible to identify cases of modern slavery from an Occupational Safety and Health perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety7020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Occupational Conditions in Brazilian Modern Rural Slave Labour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gairo","family":"Garreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Federal Institute of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65030-005, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Santos","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nia","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Luis 65080-805, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Planalto, P. (2017, November 03). Fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o liberta mais de 10 mil trabalhadores em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de escravid\u00e3o em 4 anos, Available online: http:\/\/www2.planalto.gov.br\/noticias\/2015\/05\/fiscalizacao-liberta-mais-de-10-mil-trabalhadores-em-situacao-de-escravidao-em-4-anos."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ramos Filho, W. (2008). Trabalho degradante e jornadas exaustivas: Crime e castigo nas rela\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho neo-escravistas. Rev. Direitos Fundam. Democr., 1\u201325. Available online: https:\/\/revistaeletronicardfd.unibrasil.com.br\/index.php\/rdfd\/article\/view\/213."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"OIT (2017, November 02). Trabalho For\u00e7ado no Brasil. Available online: http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/brasilia\/temas\/trabalho-escravo\/lang--pt\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Brasil (2019, August 15). Lei 10.803. Brasilia, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/LEIS\/2003\/L10.803.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Silva, J.C.A. (2019, November 24). Ser livre e ser escravo: Mem\u00f3rias e identidades de trabalhadores maranhensesna regi\u00e3o dos Cocoais (1990\u20132008), Available online: http:\/\/www.dominiopublico.gov.br\/pesquisa\/DetalheObraForm.do?select_action=&co_obra=163062."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Soares, F.d.S. (2017). Escravos na Amaz\u00f4nia: Geografando hist\u00f3rias de trabalhadores rurais do Maranh\u00e3o no Par\u00e1, USP. Available online: http:\/\/www.teses.usp.br\/teses\/disponiveis\/8\/8136\/tde-25102017-155210\/pt-br.php."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"PioVesan, F. (2006). Trabalho escravo e degradante como forma de viola\u00e7\u00e3o aos direitos humanos. Trabalho escravo contempor\u00e2neo: O desafio de superar a nega\u00e7\u00e3o, LTr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Campbell, J. (2008). A growing concern: Modern slavery and agricultural production in Brazil and South Asia. Human Rights & Human Welfare, University of Denver. Available online: https:\/\/www.du.edu\/korbel\/hrhw\/researchdigest\/slavery\/agriculture.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/23322705.2018.1471863","article-title":"Recognizing Modern Slavery","volume":"5","author":"Machura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Traffick."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Trabalho, S.d.I.d. (2007\u20132017). Relat\u00f3rio de fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, Minist\u00e9rio do Trabalho."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Foundation, W.F. (2018). Global Slavery Index 2018, Walk Free Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/downloads."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Brasil, O.R. (2020, March 16). Dados sobre trabalho escravo no Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/reporterbrasil.org.br\/dados\/trabalhoescravo\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brasil, R. (2015). Trabalho escravo contempor\u00e2neo: 20 anos de combate 1995\u20132015, Rep\u00f3rter Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/reporterbrasil.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/folder20anos_versaoWEB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Emprego, B.M.d.T.e. (2011). Manual de combate ao trabalho em condi\u00e7\u00f5es an\u00e1logas \u00e0s de escravo, Minist\u00e9rio do Trabalho e Emprego. Available online: http:\/\/www.mpf.mp.br\/atuacao-tematica\/ccr2\/coordenacao\/comissoes-e-grupos-de-trabalho\/escravidao-contemporanea-migrado-1\/notas-tecnicas-planos-e-oficinas\/combate%20trabalho%20escravo%20WEB%20MTE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ILO (1962). R116\u2014Reduction of Hours of Work Recommendation, ILO, International Labour Office. Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/normlex\/en\/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R116."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"UN (2019, November 11). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/cat.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"ISO (2017). Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis de taxa metab\u00f3lica (ISO 7243\/2017), ISO."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Brasil, C. (2020, December 01). Consolida\u00e7\u00e3o das Leis do Trabalho, Decreto-Lei n\u00b0 5.452, de 1\u00b0 de maio de 1943. 1943, Volume 4, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/decreto-lei\/del5452.htm."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Schwarz, R.G. (2008). Trabalho escravo: A aboli\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria: Uma an\u00e1lise da efetividade e da efic\u00e1cia das pol\u00edticas de combate \u00e0 escravid\u00e3o contempor\u00e2nea no Brasil, Rodrigo Schwarz. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.pt\/books?id=b1EzvySQadgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pt-PT#v=onepage&q&f=false."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-11042017s203","article-title":"Inf\u00e2ncia, trabalho e sa\u00fade: Reflex\u00f5es sobre o discurso oficial de proibi\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalho infantil","volume":"41","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade em Debate"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Brasil, E. (2020, December 02). Estatuto da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, lei n\u00b0 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990, Estatuto da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/leis\/l8069.htm."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rivero de Ara\u00fajo, A., and Maduro, L. (2010). As boas pr\u00e1ticas da inspe\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalho no Brasil, OIT Bras\u00edlia. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=22&ved=2ahUKEwianObOr4jpAhXFyIUKHfzeDqAQFjAVegQIBhAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipecinfo%2Fproduct%2Fdownload.do%3Ftype%3Ddocument%26id%3D25179&usg=AOvVaw3Jpl1CslhbXxBH_zS1fj-J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry, H., de Mello Th\u00e9ry, N., Girardi, E., and Hato, J. (2012). Atlas do trabalho escravo no Brasil, Amigos da Terra. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazonia.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Atlas-do-Trabalho-Escravo.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dupr\u00e9, A. (2012). Durante liberta\u00e7\u00e3o de escravos, fiscais presenciam acidente com motosserra, ONG Rep\u00f3rter Brasil. Available online: https:\/\/reporterbrasil.org.br\/2012\/04\/durante-libertacao-de-escravos-fiscais-presenciam-acidente-com-motosserra\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Junior, S.H., and de Oliveira, L.P. (2019, October 12). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da seguran\u00e7a e sa\u00fade no trabalho de operadores de motosserra na regi\u00e3o dos Campos Gerais no estado do Paran\u00e1-Brasil. Revista ESPACIOS|Volume 36 (N\u00b0 08) A\u00f1o. Available online: http:\/\/www.revistaespacios.com\/a15v36n08\/15360811.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Brasil, M.d.T. (1978). Norma Regulamentadora 12\u2013\u201cSeguran\u00e7a no trabalho em m\u00e1quinas e equipamentos\u201d. Referencias\u2013Elabora\u00e7\u00e3o Portaria, 3, Available online: http:\/\/www.guiatrabalhista.com.br\/legislacao\/nr\/nr12.htm."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mendes, R. (2001). M\u00e1quinas e acidentes de trabalho, MTE\/SIT. Available online: http:\/\/www.fiocruz.br\/biosseguranca\/Bis\/manuais\/seguranca%20e%20saude%20no%20trabalho\/Maquinas%20e%20Acidentes%20do%20Trabalho.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"573","article-title":"Modeling, Estimation and Validation of Cotton Dust and Endotoxin Exposures in Chinese Textile Operations","volume":"50","author":"Astrakianakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"45","article-title":"Work area measurements as predictors of personal exposure to endotoxin and cotton dust in the cotton textile industry","volume":"52","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren, K.J., Wyatt, T.A., Romberger, D.J., Ailts, I., West, W.W., Nelson, A.J., Nordgren, T.M., Staab, E., Heires, A.J., and Poole, J.A. (2017). Post-Injury and Resolution Response to Repetitive Inhalation Exposure to Agricultural Organic Dust in Mice. Safety, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/safety3010010"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"499","article-title":"Environmental and health effects of rollers used in cotton roller ginning industries","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620601015844","article-title":"A preliminary study on gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and their endotoxins in a gin house in India","volume":"3","author":"Doctor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A.W., Moshammer, H.M., and Kundi, M. (2015). Industrial hygiene, occupational safety and respiratory symptoms in the Pakistani cotton industry. BMJ Open, 5.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007266"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Alves, F. (2009). Pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas compensat\u00f3rias para a mecaniza\u00e7\u00e3o do corte de cana crua: Indo direto ao ponto. RURIS-Revista do Centro de Estudos Rurais-UNICAMP, 153\u2013178. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifch.unicamp.br\/ojs\/index.php\/ruris\/article\/view\/687."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.11.012","article-title":"Particulate matter produced during commercial sugarcane harvesting and processing: A respiratory health hazard?","volume":"149","author":"Woskie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.595257","article-title":"Personal PM2.5 Exposure Among Wildland Firefighters Working at Prescribed Forest Burns in Southeastern United States","volume":"8","author":"Adetona","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.J.C.d.G. (2015). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das altera\u00e7\u00f5es respirat\u00f3rias induzidas por exposi\u00e7\u00f5es ocupacionais atrav\u00e9s de metodologia n\u00e3o invasiva, Universidade de Coimbra. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10316\/26643."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.03.003","article-title":"Farm hand tools injuries: A case study from northern India","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.03.007","article-title":"Agricultural accidents in north eastern region of India","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(03)00003-1","article-title":"Development of safer fodder-cutter machines: A case study from north India","volume":"42","author":"Mohan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20834","article-title":"A global perspective of migration and occupational health","volume":"53","author":"Schenker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.03.018","article-title":"Effectiveness of occupational safety and health training for migrant farmworkers: A scoping review","volume":"160","author":"Caffaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"466","article-title":"Living and working safely: Challenges for migrant and seasonal farmworkers","volume":"72","author":"Arcury","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. C. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20945","article-title":"Migrant farmworkers\u2019 housing conditions across an agricultural season in North Carolina","volume":"54","author":"Vallejos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."}],"container-title":["Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/7\/2\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:09Z","timestamp":1760361969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/7\/2\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["safety7020028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/safety7020028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-576X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-576X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]}}}