{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:23:06Z","timestamp":1768587786082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143241\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143241\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthropogenic activity is related to several environmental imbalances, including dust. Particulate matter can also hinder humans with numerous health consequences, such as asthma, cancer, and pneumoconiosis. With a particular focus on mineral dust, this review is intended to determine in which circumstances occupational exposure occurs in the mining and earthmoving industries. Research followed the guidelines provided by the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols and its extension for scoping reviews. Of the 8993 records identified, only 24 passed both exclusion and inclusion criteria. Within the pool of results, it was possible to identify the following variables related to dust exposure: job-related (activity, job category, and site), engineering (equipment, transport system), technical (distance), and physical (season and weather) variables. Due to the significant variance in protocol settings, it was challenging to perform a general analysis, resulting in a study-by-study approach. The most significant conclusion of this study is not related to the setting of occupational exposure, although it derives from it. The necessity of adopting standard procedures for data collection, independent of research objective, was demonstrated within the context of occupational exposure to mineral dust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/safety8010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1643593581000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Occupational Exposure to Mineral Dust in Mining and Earthmoving Works: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5856-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Castelo Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Risks and Sustainability in Construction (RISCO), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santos Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/17480930.2016.1218110","article-title":"Particulate matter pollution in opencast coal mining areas: A threat to human health and environment","volume":"32","author":"Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.06.012","article-title":"Health effects from Sahara dust episodes in Europe: Literature review and research gaps","volume":"47","author":"Karanasiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/17480930.2016.1253138","article-title":"Analysis of dust emission at coal train loading facility","volume":"32","author":"Prakash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/17480930.2016.1271385","article-title":"A review of dust emission dispersions in rock aggregate and natural stone quarries","volume":"32","author":"Sairanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Reclam. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katra, I. (2019). Comparison of diverse dust control products in wind-induced dust emission from unpaved roads. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235204"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062739118044784","article-title":"Assessment of particulate and trace element pollution in airborne dust around a highly mechanized opencast coal mine in talcher, odisha","volume":"54","author":"Tripathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poinen-Rughooputh, S., Rughooputh, M.S., Guo, Y., Rong, Y., and Chen, W. (2016). Occupational exposure to silica dust and risk of lung cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3791-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.11.007","article-title":"Dust emission from crushing of hard rock aggregates","volume":"10","author":"Sairanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.11.005","article-title":"Air quality modelling for prediction of dust concentrations in iron ore mines of Saranda region, Jharkhand, India","volume":"10","author":"Chaulya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"109","article-title":"Monitoring and assessment of pollutants resulting from bench-blasting operations","volume":"7","author":"Abdollahisharif","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Min. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2017.1409692","article-title":"Silica exposure in a mining exploration operation","volume":"73","author":"Arrandale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"117","article-title":"Silicosis Mortality Trends and New Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica\u2014United States, 2001\u20132010","volume":"64","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"MWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.135","article-title":"Exceedance of environmental exposure limits to crystalline silica in communities surrounding gold mine tailings storage facilities in South Africa","volume":"619\u2013620","author":"Andraos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1479972318769771","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis: High prevalence in never smokers and underdiagnosis\u2014A population-based study in Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Caballero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"24","article-title":"The health impact of mineral dust air pollution on the global and local scale (on the example from Slovakia)","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.12.055","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of a limestone quarry on suspended and accumulated dust","volume":"45","author":"Bluvshtein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115600370","article-title":"Hazards identified and the need for health risk assessment in the South African mining industry","volume":"34","author":"Utembe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13000","article-title":"Interstitial lung diseases in the U.S. mining industry: Using MSHA data to examine trends and the prevention effects of compliance with health regulations, 1996\u20132015","volume":"38","author":"Yorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2017.07.018","article-title":"Human health risk assessment due to ambient PM10 and SO2 by an air quality modeling technique","volume":"111","author":"Khaniabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2019.421","article-title":"Increased risk of gastric cancer in workers with occupational dust exposure","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"136","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Direct"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"6624799","article-title":"Association between coalmine dust and mortality risk of lung cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"549","article-title":"A data-driven approach to control fugitive dust in mine operations","volume":"38","author":"Kahraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Min. Metall. Explor."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa016","article-title":"Estimating respirable dust exposure from inhalable dust exposure","volume":"64","author":"Wippich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3631-2","article-title":"Assessment of occupational health exposure to particulate matter around opencast coal mines, India: A case study","volume":"11","author":"Sahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Bao, M., Xiao, J., Qiu, Z., and Wu, K. (2019). Effects of PM2.5 on cardio-pulmonary function injury in open manganese mine workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112017"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2019.04.009","article-title":"Foam for coal dust suppression during underground coal mine tunneling","volume":"89","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2004.10470889","article-title":"Assessment of Influential Range and Characteristics of Fugitive Dust in Limestone Extraction Processes","volume":"54","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, J., Johansson, J., and Zhang, J. (2017). An occupational disease assessment of the mining industry\u2019s occupational health and safety management system based on FMEA and an Improved AHP Model. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9010094"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-017-2974-4","article-title":"Characterisation of respirable dust exposure of different category of workers in Jharia Coalfields","volume":"10","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Reed, W.R., and Organiscak, J.A. (March, January 28). The evaluation of dust exposure to truck drivers following the lead Haul truck. Proceedings of the 2005 SME Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.05.022","article-title":"Exposure levels and health damage assessment of dust in a coal mine of Shanxi Province, China","volume":"128","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.24840\/2184-0954_003.002_0003","article-title":"Occupational exposure to dust in road construction, earthworks and open-pit mining\u2014A scoping review protocol","volume":"3","author":"Duarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012024","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/218\/1\/012024","article-title":"The study on the earthworks of green construction based on value engineering","volume":"218","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C. (2014, January 13\u201314). Claes Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering\u2014EASE\u201914, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The cochrane collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D., Altman, D., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., and Berlin, J. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0324-4","article-title":"Assessment of respirable dust exposures in an opencast coal mine","volume":"152","author":"Onder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Occupational exposure determination to silica dust in an iron-stone ore and comparison with standard","volume":"4","author":"Gholami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Collab. Res. Intern. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.10.036","article-title":"Aerosol particle and trace gas emissions from earthworks, road construction, and asphalt paving in Germany: Emission factors and influence on local air quality","volume":"122","author":"Faber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2015.06.065","article-title":"Prediction and analysis of dust dispersion from drilling operation in opencast coal mines","volume":"11","author":"Sastry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-014-0311-6","article-title":"Occupational exposure to particulate matter in three Indian opencast mines","volume":"9","author":"Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0439-7","article-title":"Underestimation of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) compliance status among the granite crusher operators in Malaysian quarries","volume":"10","author":"Amran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1263392","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of exposures to respirable dust and silica in the taconite mining industry","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2017.04.023","article-title":"Occupational health hazards in the Sukari Gold Mine, Egypt","volume":"146","author":"Rabeiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2017.1415236","article-title":"Characterization of particulate emissions from Australian open-cut coal mines: Toward improved emission estimates","volume":"68","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.29024\/aogh.2323","article-title":"Respiratory impairment and personal respirable dust exposure among the underground and open cast gold miners in Tanzania","volume":"84","author":"Rusibamayila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1016-5","article-title":"Dust formed during drilling in natural stone quarries","volume":"77","author":"Sairanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-7004-9","article-title":"Dust distribution in open-pit mines based on monitoring data and fluent simulation","volume":"190","author":"Wanjun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190904","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-9.23.190904","article-title":"Monitoring and assessment of airborne respirable limestone dust and free silica content in an Indian mine","volume":"9","author":"Mankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Pollut."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepadi, M.M., Chadyiwa, M., and Nkosi, V. (2020). Platinum mine workers exposure to dust particles emitted at mine waste rock crusher plants in limpopo, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020655"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6670","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16079-4","article-title":"Emission of respirable dust from stone quarrying, potential health effects, and its management","volume":"29","author":"Ambastha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2021.103677","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of potential coal mine dust emissions in an open-pit coal mine in Northwest China","volume":"235","author":"Trechera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.03.010","article-title":"15 years of monitoring occupational exposure to respirable dust and quartz within the European industrial minerals sector","volume":"220","author":"Zilaout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500636","article-title":"Assessment of exposure in epidemiological studies: The example of silica dust","volume":"18","author":"Dahmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106074","article-title":"Temporal trends in respirable dust and respirable quartz concentrations within the European industrial minerals sector over a 15-year period (2002\u20132016)","volume":"77","author":"Zilaout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923a1","article-title":"Trends in pneumoconiosis deaths\u2014United States, 1999\u20132018","volume":"69","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."}],"container-title":["Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/8\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:32Z","timestamp":1760134292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-576X\/8\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["safety8010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/safety8010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-576X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-576X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}