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However, little information is available about their toxicity to the bivalve itself. In the present work, the physiological stress and damage after the ingestion of toxic dinoflagellate species (Gymnodinium catenatum) and a diatom species (Skeletonema marinoi, which is non-toxic to humans but may be to grazers) in the oyster Magallana angulata are evaluated against a control treatment fed with the chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. Oysters were exposed for two hours to a concentration of 4 \u00d7 104 cells\/L of G. catenatum and 2 \u00d7 107 cells\/L of S. marinoi. The biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-Transferase, total Ubiquitin (Ubi) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were assessed. The exposure of M. angulata to G. catenatum lead to a reduction in SOD and AchE activity and ubiquitin concentrations when compared to the control treatment. Moreover, it increased CAT activity in the adductor muscle, and maintained its activity in the other tissues tested. This may be related to the combination of reduced metabolism with the deployment of detoxification processes. S. marinoi also lead to a decrease in all biomarkers tested in the gills and digestive glands. Therefore, both species tested caused physiological alterations in M. angulata after two hours of exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sci5030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:41:05Z","timestamp":1689554465000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short-Term Biochemical Biomarkers of Stress in the Oyster Magallana angulata Exposed to Gymnodinium catenatum and Skeletonema marinoi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cereja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7654-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana P. C.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8501-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Heum\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Frederico","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3539-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Chainho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINEA-ESTSetubal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, 2914-508 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Science Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas J.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020308","article-title":"Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Deeds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. 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