{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:46:10Z","timestamp":1760060770306,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Separations"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wastewater analysis plays a central role in monitoring patterns of drug use within specific populations. It provides objective and real-time estimates of consumption, with minimal ethical concerns. In the current European context, drugs of abuse continue to be detected in wastewater, with varying incidences across countries. Their monitoring enables the prioritisation of public health and legal interventions by healthcare professionals and drug monitoring agencies. Therefore, the development and implementation of efficient methodologies for monitoring drugs of abuse in wastewater samples is of critical importance. This systematic review aims to explore the use of miniaturised sample extraction techniques based on solid-phase microextraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in wastewater. In fact, the extraction procedure must be fast, effective, and selective in order to retain the analytes of interest. Miniaturised techniques have thus emerged as promising alternatives to conventional methods. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) represent the most widely applied solid-phase microextraction techniques in recent years for the analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater. Looking ahead, future perspectives include the development of eco-friendly workflows, automated and time-efficient techniques, increasingly selective sorbents, and robust analytical methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/separations12090256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1758539896000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent Trends in Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Monitoring of Drugs of Abuse in Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5443-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Dinis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, I.P., P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (P\u00f3lo III), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE-Health, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico das Beiras (CACB), Grupo de Problemas Relacionados com Toxicofilias, UBIMedical, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Margalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Qu\u00edmica e Toxicologia Forenses, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, I.P., P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (P\u00f3lo III), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116983","article-title":"New Psychoactive Substances in Several European Populations Assessed by Wastewater-Based Epidemiology","volume":"195","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.016","article-title":"Measuring Biomarkers in Wastewater as a New Source of Epidemiological Information: Current State and Future Perspectives","volume":"99","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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