{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:42:28Z","timestamp":1777462948263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04630\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sexes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research analysed the effect of gender inequality on the economic growth of seventeen countries in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region from 1990 to 2016 using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model with fixed effects and a quantiles via moments model. Electricity consumption from new renewable energy sources, general government capital stock, private capital stock, trade openness, and urban population were used as control variables, and a battery of preliminary and post-estimation tests were conducted to guarantee the adequacy and suitability of both methodologies. The OLS model with fixed effects supports that gender inequality negatively affects gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The quantiles via moments (QvM) model confirms the results of the OLS model with fixed effects and reveals that with increasing quantiles (25th, 50th, and 75th), gender inequality leads to decreases in LAC countries\u2019 growth. LAC countries\u2019 policymakers and institutions should improve gender equality to reach a higher development level and a more prosperous society. Developing policies that contribute to increasing women\u2019s participation in the labour market, reducing the gender pay gap, supporting women\u2019s education and training, constructing a more women-friendly and less patriarchal society, and developing measures to limit violence against women and early pregnancy and maternal mortality rates and increase women\u2019s decision-making positions, particularly in public policy decision making, must be implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes3030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T23:33:01Z","timestamp":1659569581000},"page":"396-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Consequences of Gender Inequality on Latin America\u2019s Economic Growth: Macroeconomic Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0062-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Koengkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Fuinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER), Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Belucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economy of Francesco (EoF) Academy, CEFAGE, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Kazemzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}]},{"given":"Yormy Eliana Melo","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-150, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nooshin Karimi","family":"Alavijeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NECE-UBI and Management and Economics Department, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2022, January 30). 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Available online: https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators."}],"container-title":["Sexes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5118\/3\/3\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:47Z","timestamp":1760141027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5118\/3\/3\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sexes3030030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sexes3030030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2411-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2411-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}