{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:53:13Z","timestamp":1769575993078,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EEA\/00048\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EEA\/00048\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Cities"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, modeling tools are a crucial part of best practice in the elaboration and implementation of a decarbonization plan in any organization, city, or country. The present review analyzes the different modeling tools available to assess energy systems in smart cities. It creates an updated overview of the modeling tools currently available, showing their capabilities and main potential outputs when considering the energy efficiency objective in the context of smart cities in Europe. A restricted set of 14 tools are identified which optimally fulfill the modeling mission of the energy sector, in a smart city context, for different time horizons. The selection considers the capability to include decarbonization assessments, namely, by considering the flexibility to use different external factors, energy policies, technologies, and mainly the implementation of Article 7 from the Energy Efficiency Directive and the \u201cenergy efficiency first\u201d principle defined by the European Commission. The ELECTRE TRI method was used to implement a multi-criteria decision approach for sorting modeling tools, aiming at distributing the various alternatives by previously defined categories, and considering the performance criteria of each alternative modeling tool, the analysis suggests that the best options are the LEAP, MESSAGEix, and oemof tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4040075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T21:32:07Z","timestamp":1637184727000},"page":"1420-1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Review of Energy Modeling Tools for Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Patr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u00edbal T.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"British Standards Institution (BSI) (2021, March 27). The Role of Standards in Smart Cities. Available online: https:\/\/www.bsigroup.com\/LocalFiles\/en-GB\/smart-cities\/resources\/The-Role-of-Standards-in-Smart-Cities-Issue-2-August-2014.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A., and Scholl, H.J. (2012, January 4\u20137). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.615"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Population Division (2019). World Urbanization Prospects\u2014The 2018 Revision (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/420), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Population Division (2018). The World\u2019s Cities in 2018\u2014Data Booklet (ST\/ESA\/ SER.A\/417), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Population Division (2016). The World\u2019s Cities in 2016\u2014Data Booklet (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/392), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"United Nations (2021, April 02). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, April 02). United Nations SDG11: Make Cities Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/cities\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Unted Nations (2021, April 02). The New Urban Agenda. Available online: https:\/\/habitat3.org\/the-new-urban-agenda\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.125924","article-title":"Past, present, future: Engagement with sustainable urban development through 35 city labels in the scientific literature 1990\u20132019","volume":"292","author":"Schraven","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigano, A., Ortiz, R., Markandya, A., Menichetti, E., and Pierfederici, R. (2010). The Linkages between Energy Efficiency and Security of Energy Supply in Europe. Handb. Sustain. Energy.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1625756"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allcott, H., and Greenstone, M. (2017). Measuring the Welfare Effects of Residential Energy Efficiency Programs, National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23386"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"41","article-title":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","volume":"26","author":"Reinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ref. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"IEA\u2014International Energy Agency (2021, April 14). Energy Efficiency 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/energy-efficiency-2020."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Taylor, K. (2021, April 14). Energy Efficiency Must Apply across All Renewables, EU Commission Says. Available online: www.euractiv.com."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2012). Directive 2012\/27\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009\/125\/EC and 2010\/30\/EU and repealing Directives 2004\/8\/EC and 2006\/32. Off. J. L, 315, 1\u201356."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111320","article-title":"Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU Member States)","volume":"139","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2010). Directive 2010\/31\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Off. J. Eur. Union, 153, 35."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2009). Directive 2009\/125\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009, establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energyrelated products (recast). Off. J. Eur. Commun., 285, 35."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 14). Regulation (EU) 2017\/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2017 Setting a Framework for Energy Labelling and Repealing Directive 2010\/30\/EU. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A02017R1369-20210501."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, July 14). Regulation (EU) 2019\/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 Setting CO2 Emission Performance Standards for New Passenger Cars and for New Light Commercial Vehicles and Repealing Regulations (EC) No 443\/2009 and (EU) No 510\/2011. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32019R0631&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). The Paris Agreement, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"IEA\u2014International Energy Agency (2021, October 20). World Energy Outlook 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2021."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, October 20). Governing the Dark Side of Renewable Energy: A Typology of Global Displacements\u2014ScienceDirect. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2214629620304771."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aditya, L. (2018). Financing Energy Efficiency, Part 1: Revolving Funds, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/30388"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Singh, J., and Tucker, D.K. (2018). Financing Energy Efficiency, Part 2: Credit Lines, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/30386"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, October 20). Electrification of Transport and Residential Heating Sectors in Support of Renewable Penetration: Scenarios for the Italian Energy System|Elsevier Enhanced Reader. Available online: https:\/\/reader.elsevier.com\/reader\/sd\/pii\/S0360544220301699?token=2173A4D481B019DDD9559937B57BCBA0CDBF4E806902730B223621DFC2F55833DF95833B50F3AE4B9D058A6F91AC8E42&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20211020115453."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dely, K., Joubert, J., and Cities, P.S.E. (2021, November 13). About HeatNet NWE, Available online: https:\/\/www.nweurope.eu\/media\/8624\/wpt3_d13_heatnet-procurement-guide_v2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, L., and Deakin, M. (2019). The first two decades of research on smart city development. Untangling Smart Cities, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815477-9.00003-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101936","article-title":"A typology of smart city assessment tools and indicator sets","volume":"53","author":"Sharifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-019-09903-3","article-title":"Assessing the gap between technology and the environmental sustainability of european cities","volume":"21","author":"Akande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, T., and Pardo, T.A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, University of Maryland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2037556.2037602"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17620-8_2","article-title":"Exploring the nature of the smart cities research landscape","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Ojo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Administration and Information Technology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13604810802479126","article-title":"Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?","volume":"12","author":"Hollands","year":"2008","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"333","article-title":"Smart sustainable cities: Definition and challenges","volume":"Volume 310","author":"Hilty","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICT Innovations for Sustainability. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.018","article-title":"The Tianjin Eco-City model in the academic literature on urban sustainability","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.02.004","article-title":"Sustainable\u2013smart\u2013resilient\u2013low carbon\u2013eco\u2013knowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization","volume":"109","author":"Joss","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"541","article-title":"A conceptual multidimensional model for assessing smart sustainable cities","volume":"12","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inf. Syst. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.02.016","article-title":"Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review","volume":"31","author":"Bibri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.024","article-title":"Smart energy systems for sustainable smart cities: Current developments, trends and future directions","volume":"237","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.01.053","article-title":"Towards sustainable smart cities: A review of trends, architectures, components, and open challenges in smart cities","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities3040055","article-title":"Review of smart city assessment tools","volume":"3","author":"Moura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.139","article-title":"Global performance and development on sustainable city based on natural science and social science research: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"666","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, March 18). United for Smart Sustainable Cities (U4SSC). Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int:443\/en\/ITU-T\/ssc\/united\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"ISO\u2014International Standardization Organization (2019). ISO 37122:2019-Sustainable Cities and Communities\u2014Indicators for Smart Cities, International Standardization Organization."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2016.09.009","article-title":"What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?","volume":"60","author":"Ahvenniemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4010004","article-title":"A survey of enabling technologies for smart communities","volume":"4","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852314564308","article-title":"Governing the smart city: A review of the literature on smart urban governance","volume":"82","author":"Meijer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Adm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.172","article-title":"A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets","volume":"233","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2018.1525265","article-title":"How to overcome the dichotomous nature of smart city research: Proposed methodology and results of a pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Mora","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, August 04). What Are Smart Cities?. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/eu-regional-and-urban-development\/topics\/cities-and-urban-development\/city-initiatives\/smart-cities_en."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"IEEE (2021, June 12). IEEE Smart Cities. Available online: https:\/\/smartcities.ieee.org\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"United Nations (2016). Smart Cities and Infrastructure Report of the Secretary-General Economic and Social Council, United Nations-Economic and Social Council, Commission on Science and Technology for Development."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"ITU (2016). Y.4901\/L.1601-Key Performance Indicators Related to the Use of Information and Communication Technology in Smart Sustainable Cities, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 11+-Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovi\u0107, N., and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities-Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Centre of Regional Science, Vienna University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/13511610.2012.660325","article-title":"Modelling the smart city performance","volume":"25","author":"Lombardi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15581\/002.ART-2152","article-title":"Smart cities, sustainable progress: Opportunities for urban development","volume":"14","author":"Barrionuevo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IESE Insight"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholl, H.J., Janssen, M., Wimmer, M.A., Moe, C.E., and Flak, L.S. (2012). Building understanding of smart city initiatives. Proceedings of the Electronic Government, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33489-4"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101625","article-title":"Evaluation of the smart city: Applying the dematel technique","volume":"62","author":"Koca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2020.00077","article-title":"The concept of sustainability in smart city definitions","volume":"6","author":"Toli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2014.942092","article-title":"Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives","volume":"22","author":"Albino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.02.357","article-title":"The smart city concept in the 21st century","volume":"181","author":"Eremia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"47","article-title":"Smart Growth, Smart Cities, and the Crisis at the Pump A Worldwide Phenomenon","volume":"32","author":"Eger","year":"2009","journal-title":"I-WAYS-J. E-Gov. Policy Regul."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/13511610.2012.660330","article-title":"Smart cities in perspective\u2014A comparative European study by means of self-organizing maps","volume":"25","author":"Kourtit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Eur. J. Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-2751(98)00050-X","article-title":"Smart cities: The Singapore case","volume":"16","author":"Mahizhnan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akcin, M., Kaygusuz, A., Karabiber, A., Alagoz, S., Alagoz, B.B., and Keles, C. (2016, January 20\u201321). Opportunities for energy efficiency in smart cities. Proceedings of the 2016 4th International Istanbul Smart Grid Congress and Fair (ICSG), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/SGCF.2016.7492425"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2021, August 04). European Commission National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/topics\/energy-strategy\/national-energy-climate-plans_en."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Lappas, M. (2021). Paving the Way for Decarbonization and Electrification: 31. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.123","article-title":"A review of modelling approaches and tools for the simulation of district-scale energy systems","volume":"52","author":"Allegrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1108\/17506221011092742","article-title":"A review of energy system models","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Sect. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.116731","article-title":"Trends in tools and approaches for modelling the energy transition","volume":"290","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.09.026","article-title":"A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems","volume":"87","author":"Connolly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.194","article-title":"Review of models for integrating renewable energy in the generation expansion planning","volume":"242","author":"Dagoumas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.12.005","article-title":"Modelling the impacts of variable renewable sources on the power sector: Reconsidering the typology of energy modelling tools","volume":"80","author":"Hadjsaid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.059","article-title":"Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systems\u2014A review","volume":"45","author":"Fathima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.03.057","article-title":"A strategic review of electricity systems models","volume":"35","author":"Foley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.06.028","article-title":"Modeling, planning and optimal energy management of combined cooling, heating and power microgrid: A review","volume":"54","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.02.044","article-title":"A review of energy systems models in the UK: Prevalent usage and categorisation","volume":"169","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.040","article-title":"A review on modeling and simulation of building energy systems","volume":"56","author":"Harish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03399363","article-title":"Introduction to energy systems modelling","volume":"148","author":"Herbst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Swiss J. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2005.07.005","article-title":"Decentralized energy planning; modeling and application\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Hiremath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2004.09.004","article-title":"A review of energy models","volume":"10","author":"Jebaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.067","article-title":"Modelling and operation optimization of an integrated energy based direct district water-heating system","volume":"64","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampelis, N., Tsekeri, E., Kolokotsa, D., Kalaitzakis, K., Isidori, D., and Cristalli, C. (2018). Development of demand response energy management optimization at building and district levels using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network modelling power predictions. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113012"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110206","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of multi-energy systems in mixed-use districts: A review of existing methods and approaches","volume":"135","author":"Klemm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.09.020","article-title":"Optimization and analysis of CCHP system based on energy loads coupling of residential and office buildings","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.08.089","article-title":"Modelling, assessment and Sankey diagrams of integrated electricity-heat-gas networks in multi-vector district energy systems","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.07.045","article-title":"A review of current challenges and trends in energy systems modeling","volume":"96","author":"Lopion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2011.10.016","article-title":"Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: A review of methodologies","volume":"86","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segy.2021.100007","article-title":"EnergyPLAN\u2013Advanced analysis of smart energy systems","volume":"1","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Energy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.02.003","article-title":"A modelling tool selection process for planning of community scale energy systems including storage and demand side management","volume":"39","author":"Lyden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.041","article-title":"MES (multi-energy systems): An overview of concepts and evaluation models","volume":"65","author":"Mancarella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.100396","article-title":"Are open access models able to assess today\u2019s energy scenarios?","volume":"26","author":"Oberle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.06.054","article-title":"Integration of storage and renewable energy into district heating systems: A review of modelling and optimization","volume":"136","author":"Olsthoorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.04.114","article-title":"Integration of decentralized energy systems in neighbourhoods using the energy hub approach","volume":"154","author":"Orehounig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.11.046","article-title":"The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging behind?","volume":"101","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.02.003","article-title":"Energy systems modeling for twenty-first century energy challenges","volume":"33","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.07.064","article-title":"Heating, cooling, and electrical load forecasting for a large-scale district energy system","volume":"74","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.08.002","article-title":"A review of modelling tools for energy and electricity systems with large shares of variable renewables","volume":"96","author":"Haugan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.02.001","article-title":"A comprehensive multi-criteria model to rank electric energy production technologies","volume":"22","author":"Stein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, A.S.R., Gundersen, T., and Adams, T.A. (2018). Modeling and simulation of energy systems: A review. Processes, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr6120238"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.08.014","article-title":"Energy models for demand forecasting\u2014A review","volume":"16","author":"Suganthi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.09.033","article-title":"Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling techniques","volume":"13","author":"Swan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Beuzekom, I., Gibescu, M., and Slootweg, J.G. (July, January 29). A review of multi-energy system planning and optimization tools for sustainable urban development. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2015.7232360"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.07.024","article-title":"Comparison of top-down and bottom-up estimates of sectoral and regional greenhouse gas emission reduction potentials","volume":"37","author":"Hoogwijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.09.020","article-title":"Modelling and optimization of CHP based district heating system with renewable energy production and energy storage","volume":"159","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2011.10.001","article-title":"Review of models and actors in energy mix optimization\u2014Can leader visions and decisions align with optimum model strategies for our future energy systems?","volume":"1","author":"Weijermars","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2343021","article-title":"Dynamic modeling and interaction of hybrid natural gas and electricity supply system in microgrid","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113783","article-title":"Are complex energy system models more accurate? An intra-model comparison of power system optimization models","volume":"255","author":"Priesmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117652","article-title":"Analyzing the effects of uncertainties on the modelling of low-carbon energy system pathways","volume":"201","author":"Pilpola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2015.08.004","article-title":"Modeling intermittent renewable electricity technologies in general equilibrium models","volume":"51","author":"Octaviano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00825","article-title":"Calliope: A multi-scale energy systems modelling framework","volume":"3","author":"Pfenninger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2021, August 19). DER-CAM|Grid Integration Group, Available online: https:\/\/gridintegration.lbl.gov\/der-cam."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"(2021, August 19). EnergyPLAN. Available online: https:\/\/www.energyplan.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"(2021, August 19). EnergyPRO. Available online: https:\/\/www.energysoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). Ficus: A (Mixed Integer) Linear Optimisation Model for Local Energy Systems\u2014Ficus 0.1 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/ficus.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). HOMER Pro-Microgrid Software for Designing Optimized Hybrid Microgrids. Available online: https:\/\/www.homerenergy.com\/products\/pro\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). LEAP. Available online: https:\/\/leap.sei.org\/default.asp?action=introduction."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). The MESSAGEix Framework\u2014MESSAGEix 3.3.0 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/docs.messageix.org\/en\/stable\/."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). A Modular Open Source Framework to Model Energy Supply Systems. Available online: https:\/\/oemof.org\/."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Natural Resources Canada (2021, September 06). Retscreen. Available online: https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/maps-tools-and-publications\/tools\/modelling-tools\/retscreen\/7465."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"DeCarolis, J., Hunter, K., Li, B., and Sreepathi, S. (2021, September 06). Temoa (Tools for Energy Model Optimization and Analysis), Model Item, OpenGMS. Available online: https:\/\/geomodeling.njnu.edu.cn\/modelItem\/fc6bdfc5-ec1e-47bc-9b33-86417257c5aa."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). IEA-ETSAP|Times. Available online: https:\/\/iea-etsap.org\/index.php\/etsap-tools\/model-generators\/times."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). TRNSYS-Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/sel.me.wisc.edu\/trnsys\/demos\/demo.html."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2021, September 06). Urbs: A Linear Optimisation Model for Distributed Energy Systems\u2014Urbs 1.0.0 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/urbs.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, R., Failing, L., Harstone, M., Long, G., McDaniels, T., and Ohlson, D. (2012). Structured Decision Making: A Practical Guide to Environmental Management Choices, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444398557"},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Devlin, N., and Sussex, J. (2011). Incorporating Multiple Criteria in HTA: Methods and Processes, Office of Health Economics."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Great Britain, and Department for Communities and Local Government (2009). Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Manual, Communities and Local Government."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.12.121","article-title":"An application of soft systems methodology in the evaluation of policies and incentive actions to promote technological innovations in the electricity sector","volume":"106","author":"Antunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, J., Greco, S., and Ehrgott, M. (2005). Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/b100605"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.11.032","article-title":"A multi-criteria decision approach to sorting actions for promoting energy efficiency","volume":"36","author":"Neves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2017.04.004","article-title":"A multi-criteria approach to sort and rank policies based on Delphi qualitative assessments and ELECTRE TRI: The case of smart grids in Brazil","volume":"76","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.367","article-title":"An application of a multi-criteria decision support system to assess energy performance of school buildings","volume":"122","author":"Bernardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134132","article-title":"The outranking approach and the foundations of electre methods","volume":"31","author":"Roy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theory Decis."}],"container-title":["Smart Cities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-6511\/4\/4\/75\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:12Z","timestamp":1760167872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-6511\/4\/4\/75"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["smartcities4040075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/smartcities4040075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]}}}