{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:28:54Z","timestamp":1777890534736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"project SOLFI\u2014Urban logistics optimization system with integrated freight and passenger flows","award":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project SOLFI\u2014Urban logistics optimization system with integrated freight and passenger flows","award":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"project SOLFI\u2014Urban logistics optimization system with integrated freight and passenger flows","award":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through COMPETE 2020 (Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization)","award":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00127\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through COMPETE 2020 (Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization)","award":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04058\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through COMPETE 2020 (Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization)","award":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI01-0247-FEDER-039870"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Cities"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Today, policymakers struggle to obtain information from specific smart city case studies. The literature lacks a unified view of current initiatives. This paper performs an empirical study with the aim of collecting evidence from the literature about existing smart city initiatives in the European Union (EU). The contribution of each paper and its geography are analyzed using content analysis to identify the number and type of initiatives in each country. A cluster analysis is performed to find relationships between countries and their development phase as well as the categories (areas) they are focused on. The results suggest that there are different levels of smart city development between the member states despite the initial year of their first result in the literature. Furthermore, 22 smart city categories clustered in four different groups were found. When compared to countries\u2019 socio-economic characteristics, the results suggest the development of smart cities is significantly related to the public budget balance, gross domestic product and EU structural funds. In summary, this paper portrays the state-of-the-art of smart city initiatives in the member states of the European Union. Moreover, it represents a valuable contribution to decision makers to discuss ways to standardize smart city approaches in the European scope. Furthermore, the method used in this paper can inspire the development of collaborative dashboards for the exchange of best practices and data accessibility about case studies\u2019 details.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities5040089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1670558386000},"page":"1776-1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The State-of-the-Art of Smart Cities in the European Union"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), School of Design, Management and Production Technologies\u2014North Aveiro School (ESAN), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Louren\u00e7o","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences (DCSJP), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1068\/d160483","article-title":"Spaces of surveillant simulation: New technologies, digital representations, and material geographies","volume":"16","author":"Graham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. 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