{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:06:33Z","timestamp":1776830793238,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund through the Urban Innovative Actions Initiative","award":["UIDP\/04427\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04427\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Center for Territory, Transports and Environment\u2014CITTA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04427\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04427\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Smart Cities"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micromobility responds to urban transport challenges by reducing emissions, mitigating traffic, and improving accessibility. Nevertheless, the safety of micromobility users, particularly cyclists, remains a concern in urban environments. This study aims to construct a safety map and a risk-averse routing system for micromobility users in diverse urban environments, as exemplified by a case study in Lisbon. A data-driven methodology uses object detection algorithms and image segmentation techniques to identify potential risk factors on cycling routes from Google Street View images. The \u2018Bikeable\u2019 Multilayer Perceptron neural network measures these risks, assigning safety scores to each image. The method analyzed 5321 points across 24 parishes in Lisbon, with an average safety score of 4.5, indicating a generally safe environment for cyclists. Carnide emerged as the safest area, while Alc\u00e2ntara exhibited a higher level of potential risks. Additionally, an equation is proposed to compute route efficiency, enabling comparisons between different routes for identical origin-destination pairs. Preliminary findings suggest that the presented routing solution exhibits higher efficiency than the commercial routing benchmark. Risk-averse routes did not result in a substantial rise in travel distance or time, with increments of 7% on average. The study also contributed to increasing the existing amount of cycle path data in Lisbon by 12%, correcting inaccuracies, and updating the network in OpenStreetMap, providing access to more precise information and, consequently, more routes. The key contributions of this study, such as the safety map and risk-averse router, underscore the potential of data-driven tools for boosting urban micromobility. The solutions proposed demonstrate modularity and adaptability, making them fit for a range of urban scenarios and highlighting their value for cities prioritizing safe, sustainable urban mobility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities6040094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:49:00Z","timestamp":1692269340000},"page":"2035-2056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Data-Driven Approach for Urban Micromobility Enhancement through Safety Mapping and Intelligent Route Planning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0502-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Tamagusko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0764-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus","family":"Gomes Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Rita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycleAI, 1800-359 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Tudor-Codrin","family":"Bostan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycleAI, 1800-359 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Peliteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycleAI, 1800-359 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycleAI, 1800-359 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycleAI, 1800-359 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelino","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610172104","article-title":"Growth, Innovation, Scaling, and the Pace of Life in Cities","volume":"104","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151419","article-title":"The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities","volume":"319","author":"Batty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00678-z","article-title":"Impacts of Transportation Network Companies on Urban Mobility","volume":"4","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102614","article-title":"First-and-Last Mile Solution via Bicycling to Improving Transit Accessibility and Advancing Transportation Equity","volume":"99","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102446","article-title":"Promote Transit via Hardening First-and-Last-Mile Accessibility: Learned from Modeling Commuters\u2019 Transit Use","volume":"86","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.10.044","article-title":"Transportation Infrastructure Project Sustainability Factors and Performance","volume":"153","author":"Amiril","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2004.02.005","article-title":"The Bicycle as a Feedering Mode: Experiences from Three European Countries","volume":"9","author":"Martens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2022.07.006","article-title":"Tradeoffs between Optimality and Equity in Transportation Network Protection against Sea Level Rise","volume":"163","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2016.08.003","article-title":"Looking beyond the Mean for Equity Analysis: Examining Distributional Impacts of Transportation Improvements","volume":"54","author":"Bills","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.101","article-title":"Environmental Benefits of Bike Sharing: A Big Data-Based Analysis","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.04.023","article-title":"Examining Usage Patterns of a Bike-Sharing Scheme in a Medium Sized City","volume":"100","author":"Caulfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/15568310802178314","article-title":"Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogot\u00e1","volume":"3","author":"Cervero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640903187001","article-title":"Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature","volume":"30","author":"Heinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13574800802451155","article-title":"Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability","volume":"14","author":"Ewing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.01.001","article-title":"The Health and Economic Benefits of Active Transport Policies in Barcelona","volume":"4","author":"Olabarria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2003.11.003","article-title":"Active Transportation and Physical Activity: Opportunities for Collaboration on Transportation and Public Health Research","volume":"38","author":"Sallis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2010.07.002","article-title":"Urban Cycles and Mobility Patterns: Exploring and Predicting Trends in a Bicycle-Based Public Transport System","volume":"6","author":"Kaltenbrunner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.100628","article-title":"Maturing Urban Cycling: Comparing Barriers and Motivators to Bicycle of Cyclists and Non-Cyclists in Lisbon, Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Moura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x","article-title":"Moving Urban Trips from Cars to Bicycles: Impact on Health and Emissions","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901747","article-title":"Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?","volume":"118","author":"Boogaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.08.009","article-title":"Replacing Car Trips by Increasing Bike and Public Transport in the Greater Barcelona Metropolitan Area: A Health Impact Assessment Study","volume":"49","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2017.1340234","article-title":"Cycling towards a More Sustainable Transport Future","volume":"37","author":"Pucher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Z., Zhou, X., and Yang, T. (2018, January 19\u201323). Hetero-ConvLSTM. Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219922"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.060","article-title":"Real-Time Driver Drowsiness Detection for Android Application Using Deep Neural Networks Techniques","volume":"130","author":"Jabbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5172","article-title":"Real-time Detection of Distracted Driving Based on Deep Learning","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayyaz, M.A.B., and Johnson, C. (2020). Object Detection at Level Crossing Using Deep Learning. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11121055"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105429","article-title":"Predicting Real-Time Traffic Conflicts Using Deep Learning","volume":"136","author":"Formosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2022.09.012","article-title":"Deep Learning Applied to Road Accident Detection with Transfer Learning and Synthetic Images","volume":"64","author":"Tamagusko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102628","article-title":"Micromobility and Public Transport Integration: The Current State of Knowledge","volume":"89","author":"Oeschger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eeng\u00fcl, B., and Mostofi, H. (2021). Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation\u2014A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11135851"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181319631430","article-title":"Micromobility and the Built Environment","volume":"63","author":"Tice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412220972696","article-title":"Transportation Transformation: Is Micromobility Making a Macro Impact on Sustainability?","volume":"36","author":"McQueen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102864","article-title":"Building Back Better: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Transport Policy Implications for a Developing Megacity","volume":"69","author":"Hasselwander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamagusko, T., and Ferreira, A. (2020). Data-Driven Approach to Understand the Mobility Patterns of the Portuguese Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229775"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bikeable (2023, August 12). CycleAI Bikeable Neural Network. Available online: https:\/\/cycleai.net\/bikeable\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rita, L., Peliteiro, M., Bostan, T.-C., Tamagusko, T., and Ferreira, A. (2023). Using Deep Learning and Google Street View Imagery to Assess and Improve Cyclist Safety in London. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310270"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krylov, V., Kenny, E., and Dahyot, R. (2018). Automatic Discovery and Geotagging of Objects from Street View Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050661"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101350","article-title":"Detecting and Mapping Traffic Signs from Google Street View Images Using Deep Learning and GIS","volume":"77","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukel, M., Rudinac, S., and Worring, M. (2020, January 8\u201311). Urban Object Detection Kit: A System for Collection and Analysis of Street-Level Imagery. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval, Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3372278.3390708"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, R., Garcia, L.M.T., Goodman, A., Johnson, R., Aldred, R., Murugesan, M., Brage, S., Bhalla, K., and Woodcock, J. (2018). Estimating City-Level Travel Patterns Using Street Imagery: A Case Study of Using Google Street View in Britain. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196521"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103371","article-title":"Assessing Bikeability with Street View Imagery and Computer Vision","volume":"132","author":"Ito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00846-4","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Bikeability Assessment Methods","volume":"46","author":"Kellstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118758652","article-title":"Using Open Source Data to Measure Street Walkability and Bikeability in China: A Case of Four Cities","volume":"2672","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101632","article-title":"Towards Generating Network of Bikeways from Mapillary Data","volume":"88","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Li, X., Flohr, F., Yang, Y., Xiong, H., Braun, M., Pan, S., Li, K., and Gavrila, D.M. (2016, January 19\u201322). A New Benchmark for Vision-Based Cyclist Detection. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Gotenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Object Detection: An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Rajeshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Trend Sci. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Xiao, J., and Quan, L. (October, January 29). Multiple View Semantic Segmentation for Street View Images. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chacra, D.A., and Zelek, J. (2016, January 1\u20133). Road Segmentation in Street View Images Using Texture Information. Proceedings of the 2016 13th Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV), Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2016.47"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3523","article-title":"Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Survey","volume":"44","author":"Minaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103093","article-title":"Accelerating Sustainable Mobility and Land-Use Transitions in Rapidly Growing Cities: Identifying Common Patterns and Enabling Factors","volume":"94","author":"Cavoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.434","article-title":"Ways to Increase Population Mobility through the Transition to Sustainable Transport","volume":"187","author":"Makarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105608","article-title":"Safety of Micro-Mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter Crashes by Mining News Reports","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103037","article-title":"Planning for E-Scooter Use in Metropolitan Cities: A Case Study for Paris","volume":"100","author":"Latinopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1108\/JTF-10-2019-0113","article-title":"The Rise of Micromobilities at Tourism Destinations","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tour. Futur."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). World Health Organization Cyclist Safety: An Information Resource for Decision-Makers and Practitioners."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prencipe, L.P., Colovic, A., De Bartolomeo, S., Caggiani, L., and Ottomanelli, M. (July, January 28). An Efficiency Indicator for Micromobility Safety Assessment. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope54979.2022.9854627"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.105981","article-title":"Comparing the Risky Behaviours of Shared and Private E-Scooter and Bicycle Riders in Downtown Brisbane, Australia","volume":"152","author":"Haworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hern, S., and Estgfaeller, N. (2020). A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229505"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folco, P., Gauvin, L., Tizzoni, M., and Szell, M. (2022). Data-Driven Micromobility Network Planning for Demand and Safety. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci., 239980832211356.","DOI":"10.1177\/23998083221135611"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2020.1869736","article-title":"An Integer Linear Programming Approach for Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Optimization","volume":"23","author":"Bonates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221095523","article-title":"Safety Analysis for Micromobility: Recommendations on Risk Metrics and Data Collection","volume":"2676","author":"Karpinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Tao, A., Sapra, K., and Catanzaro, B. (2020). Hierarchical Multi-Scale Attention for Semantic Segmentation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., and Farhadi, A. (2015). You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2023, February 03). Ultralytics YOLOv5. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/yolov5."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"11","article-title":"Optimizing Pothole Detection in Pavements: A Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Models","volume":"36","author":"Tamagusko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Neis, P., and Zipf, A. (2023, July 12). Zur Kopplung von OpenSource, OpenLS und OpenStreetMaps in OpenRouteService.Org. Available online: https:\/\/www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de\/md\/chemgeo\/geog\/gis\/agit2008.openrouteservice.fullpaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, July 12). Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica Censos 2021. O Que nos Dizem os Censos Sobre Din\u00e2micas Territoriais. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xurl\/pub\/66320870p."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2023, April 21). C\u00e2mara Municipal de Lisboa C\u00e2mara de Lisboa. Available online: https:\/\/www.lisboa.pt\/municipio\/freguesias."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4010006","article-title":"Introducing the \u201c15-Minute City\u201d: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities","volume":"4","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01145-0","article-title":"The \u201815-Minute City\u2019 Concept Can Shape a Net-Zero Urban Future","volume":"9","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."}],"container-title":["Smart Cities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-6511\/6\/4\/94\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:35:36Z","timestamp":1760128536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-6511\/6\/4\/94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["smartcities6040094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/smartcities6040094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}}}