{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:37:49Z","timestamp":1768624669331,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Societies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Health problems can be an impediment during aging to political participation (PP), including voting. Furthermore, factors such as income, education, and level of physical activity (PA) also influence the PP of older adults. We examined whether income, education, and PA mediated the relationship between self-rated health (SRH) and PP in voters and non-voters aged 50 and over from 20 European countries. Methods: Data were taken from the European Social Survey. We included 14,701 individuals (64.63 \u00b1 9.69 years), of which 52.5% were women. Results: Multivariate analyses suggested that increased SRH, income, education, and PA scores represented greater odds for intensifying PP in voters and non-voters. Mediation analyses showed that income, education, and PA partially mediated the association between SRH and PP among voters. Among non-voters, income was not a significant mediator of the association between SRH and PP. The largest mediated proportion occurred in the SRH \u2192 PA \u2192 PP path of voters at 35.34% and non-voters at 36.38%. The direct effect of SRH on the PP was verified only among voters. Conclusions: The findings contribute to a better understanding of the PP of individuals aged 50 and over and may contribute to planning strategies to increase PP in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/soc15100281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of Income, Education, and Physical Activity in Mediating the Relationship Between Self-Rated Health and Political Participation of European Citizens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo de Maio","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil"},{"name":"Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9lvio R\u00fabio","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9000-072 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems (LARSYS), Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9845-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Center of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawes, D.E., Amador, C.M., and Dunlap, N.J. (2022). The Political Determinants of Health: A Global Panacea for Health Inequities. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190632366.013.466"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"Health and Disability Gaps in Political Engagement: A Short Review","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Mattila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellbeing: Alternative Policy Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kavanagh Nolan, M., and Menon, A. (2024). Health as a Driver of Political Participation and Preferences and Political Actors. Implications for Policy-Makers and Political Actors. Policy Brief 67. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, WHO-World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2305-0","article-title":"Biomarkers of aging","volume":"66","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckw245","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw245","article-title":"The differentiated effects of health on political participation","volume":"27","author":"Couture","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1057\/s41295-023-00347-3","article-title":"Physical health conditions and political participation in Europe: The moderating effects of age","volume":"22","author":"Mattila","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Eur. Politics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zittel, T., and Fuchs, D. (2006). Participatory Democracy and Political Participation?, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203969311"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Deth, J.W. (2016). What Is Political Participation?. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.68"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1086\/687536","article-title":"How Different Forms of Health Matter to Political Participation","volume":"79","author":"Burden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Politics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2478\/s13374-012-0024-1","article-title":"Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology","volume":"22","author":"Ekman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Aff."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattila, M., Rapeli, L., Wass, H., and S\u00f6derlund, P. (2017). Health and Political Engagement, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315561691"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maresova, P., Javanmardi, E., Barakovic, S., Barakovic Husic, J., Tomsone, S., Krejcar, O., and Kuca, K. (2019). Consequences of chronic diseases and other limitations associated with old age\u2014A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7762-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0891-6","article-title":"Disability in the individual ADL, IADL, and mobility among older adults: A prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Bleijenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9477.12095","article-title":"Explaining Social Class Inequality in Voter Turnout: The Contribution of Income and Health","volume":"40","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. Political Stud."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S002238161100034X","article-title":"Does Education Increase Political Participation?","volume":"73","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Politics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-020-00133-6","article-title":"Voting, health and interventions in healthcare settings: A scoping review","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-856x.2006.00243.x","article-title":"Why are Older People More Likely to Vote? The Impact of Ageing on Electoral","volume":"9","author":"Goerres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Politics Int. Relat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2021.04.025","article-title":"Community-dwelling older adults who are low-income and disabled weathering financial challenges","volume":"42","author":"Samuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2016.40","article-title":"Income Measures in Cross-National Surveys: Problems and Solutions","volume":"6","author":"Donnelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Political Sci. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30058-X","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103640","article-title":"Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries","volume":"56","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2013.07.010","article-title":"Healthy voting: The effect of self-reported health on turnout in 30 countries","volume":"32","author":"Mattila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elect. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-3424450","article-title":"The Bodies Politic: Chronic Health Conditions and Voter Turnout in the 2008 Election","volume":"40","author":"Gollust","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Politics Policy Law"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100531","article-title":"Health and voting over the course of adulthood: Evidence from two British birth cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Schoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259807002262","article-title":"Self-assessment of health and social care needs by older people","volume":"16","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-8910.2014048005243","article-title":"Dimensions of self-rated health in older adults","volume":"48","author":"Borim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.044","article-title":"Relationship of depression, chronic disease, self-rated health, and gender with health care utilization among community-living elderly","volume":"241","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.1.99","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality in voting participation and self-rated health","volume":"91","author":"Blakely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/2059.01.2017.3","article-title":"Distinguishing lifelong learning from lifelong education","volume":"2","author":"Billett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adult Learn. Knowl. Innov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2017-0010","article-title":"Comparison the effects of poor health and low income on early retirement: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Rad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.01.010","article-title":"Social Science & Medicine Where wealth matters more for health: The wealth e health gradient in 16 countries","volume":"81","author":"Semyonov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1768","article-title":"Variability and Vulnerability at the Ecological Level: Implications for Understanding the Social Determinants of Health","volume":"92","author":"Karpati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000437","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity","volume":"32","author":"Warburton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000445","article-title":"More or Less Energy with Age? A Motivational Life-Span Perspective on Subjective Energy, Exhaustion, and Opportunity Costs","volume":"35","author":"Cardini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-021-00654-2","article-title":"Cognitive functions and physical activity in aging when energy is lacking","volume":"19","author":"Cheval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00391-5","article-title":"Greater habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with better executive function and higher prefrontal oxygenation in older adults","volume":"43","author":"Kimmerly","year":"2021","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101266","article-title":"The association of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior with skeletal muscle strength and muscle power in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Ramsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression","volume":"79","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.06.003","article-title":"Physical activity and healthy ageing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Daskalopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01037-z","article-title":"2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5\u201317 years: Summary of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Chaput","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Schneider, T., Fa\u00df, E., and Lochbaum, M. (2021). Personal social capital and self-rated health among middle-aged and older adults: A cross-sectional study exploring the roles of leisure-time physical activity and socioeconomic status. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10043-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2018.1504486","article-title":"Has the gender gap in voter turnout really disappeared?","volume":"42","author":"Kostelka","year":"2019","journal-title":"West Eur. Politics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0263395716674370","article-title":"Voter turnout decline and stratification: Quasi-experimental and comparative evidence of a growing educational gap","volume":"37","author":"Dassonneville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Politics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/0263395719844700","article-title":"The influence of various measures of health on different types of political participation","volume":"39","author":"Stockemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Politics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdmane, A. (2019). The Right to Political Participation of Persons with Disabilities. European Yearbook on Human Rights 2019, Intersentia.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781780689562.018"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00952-2","article-title":"Genetic predictors of educational attainment and intelligence test performance predict voter turnout","volume":"5","author":"Appadurai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208314","article-title":"How voter turnout varies between different chronic conditions? A population-based register study","volume":"71","author":"Sund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.149","article-title":"Does the Internet Encourage Political Participation? Use of an Online Platform by Members of a German Political Party","volume":"10","author":"Gerl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw217","article-title":"The social determinants of inequalities in self-reported health in Europe: Findings from the European social survey (2014) special module on the social determinants of health","volume":"27","author":"Balaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.09.008","article-title":"Gender differences in health: A Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health","volume":"58","author":"Denton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2014.03.001","article-title":"Disability and voting","volume":"7","author":"Matsubayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168801200410","article-title":"Set correlation and contingency tables","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiken, L.S., West, S.G., and Pitts, S.C. (2003). Multiple Linear Regression. Handbook of Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0219"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Guilford Press (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Basead Approach, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701341316","article-title":"Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions","volume":"42","author":"Preacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.12.027","article-title":"A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis","volume":"106","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia\u2014Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147107.76079.07","article-title":"The Mediation Proportion","volume":"16","author":"Ditlevsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.1563","article-title":"Increasing Voter Participation Through Health Care\u2013Based Voter Registration","volume":"5","author":"McCabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650604700402","article-title":"Explaining Life Course and Cohort Variation in the Relationship between Education and Health: The Role of Income","volume":"47","author":"Lynch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuire, C.M., Gollust, S.E., De Marco, M., Durfee, T., Wolfson, J., and Caspi, C.E. (2021). Equity at the Ballot Box: Health as a Resource for Political Participation Among Low-Income Workers in Two United States Cities. Front. Political Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2020.601323"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2021.2017612","article-title":"Political participation profiles","volume":"46","author":"Jeroense","year":"2023","journal-title":"West Eur. Politics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-015-0247-y","article-title":"The role of income inequality and social policies on income-related health inequalities in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Jutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.010","article-title":"Should we target increased physical activity or less sedentary behavior in the battle against cardiovascular disease risk development?","volume":"311","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0045","article-title":"Motives and Barriers to Physical Activity Among Older Adults of Different Socioeconomic Status","volume":"24","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, A.L., Partap, U., Young, E.H., Agoudavi, K., Balde, N., Kagaruki, G.B., Mayige, M.T., Longo-Mbenza, B., Mutungi, G., and Mwalim, O. (2020). Sociodemographic inequities associated with participation in leisure-time physical activity in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08987-w"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X13494235","article-title":"Value Change and Political Action","volume":"42","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Politics Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab191","article-title":"Health, Wealth, and Voting Trajectories in Later Life","volume":"77","author":"Engelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2018.12.016","article-title":"Physiology of aging","volume":"123","author":"Hahr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2478\/pce-2021-0022","article-title":"Different Class Citizens: Understanding the Relationship between Socio-economic Inequality and Voting Abstention","volume":"17","author":"Ehs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Politics Cent. Eur."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2016.1183222","article-title":"Social support and physical activity participation among healthy adults: A systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"10","author":"Scarapicchia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/106591290205500107","article-title":"Enabling Democracy: Disability and Voter Turnout","volume":"55","author":"Schur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polit. Res. Q."}],"container-title":["Societies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4698\/15\/10\/281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:22:31Z","timestamp":1759418551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4698\/15\/10\/281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["soc15100281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc15100281","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4698"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4698","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]}}}