{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:51:11Z","timestamp":1768287071105,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human values are a central component in understanding individuals\u2019 choices. Using the Schwartz\u2019s Values instrument, this study aimed to identify patterns of human value priorities of 35,936 participants across 20 European countries and analyse their relations with subjective well-being (SWB), subjective general health (SGH), social life, and depression indices in Europe. A hierarchical cluster analysis of data from the seventh European Social Survey (ESS) round 7, based on the higher order dimensions of the Schwartz values model, allowed identifying four European groups with distinct indicators. Indices of SWB, SGH, social life, and depression showed statistically significant differences among the four different sociodemographic groups. The graphical representation of the monotonic correlations of each of these indices with the value priorities attributed to the ten basic human values was ordered according to the Schwartz circumplex model, yielding quasi-sinusoidal patterns. The differences among the four groups can be explained by their distinct sociodemographic characteristics: social focus, growth focus, strong social focus, and weak growth focus. The results of this study suggest a rehabilitation of the notion of hedonism, raising the distinction between higher and lower pleasures, with the former contributing more to well-being than the latter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10020074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T21:15:01Z","timestamp":1613942101000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Human Value Priorities and Associations with Subjective Well-Being, Subjective General Health, Social Life, and Depression across Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University, Rua de Cam\u00f5es 60, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ramires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Universidade Europeia, Rua Laura Ayres 4, 1650-510 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Guedes","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder Fernando Pedrosa e","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade Europeia, Estrada da Correia, 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2013.831805","article-title":"Personal values that support and counteract utilization of a screening test for prostate cancer","volume":"40","author":"Aavik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1287-4","article-title":"Where is the location of \u201chealth\u201d in the human values system? Evidence from Estonia","volume":"131","author":"Aavik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Conner, Mark, and Norman, Paul (2005). The health belief model. Predicting Health Behavior, Bell and Bain Ltd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12289","article-title":"Human values and non-adherence to doctors\u2019 instructions across Europe","volume":"45","author":"Ahola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, Asad, Murthi, Mamta, Yemtsov, Ruslan, Murrugarra, Edmundo, Dudwick, Nora, Hamilton, Ellen, and Tiongson, Erwin (2005). Growth, Poverty and Inequality: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6193-1"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Allport, Gordon (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Allport, Gordon (1968). The Person in Psychology, Beacon Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.02.043","article-title":"Social media, texting, and personality: A test of the shallowing hypothesis","volume":"115","author":"Annisette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.31273\/fd.n1.2016.7","article-title":"Why universalism?","volume":"1","author":"Assiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Feminist Dissident"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/15267431.2016.1146283","article-title":"Motherhood and family health advocacy in nutrition and exercise:\u201cDoing the Tradition\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Communication"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.12.055","article-title":"What do sadists value? Is honesty-humility an intermediary? Replicating and extending findings on the link between values and \u201cdark\u201d personalities","volume":"109","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, Michael (2018). Rationality in coaching. Coaching for Rational Living, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74067-6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212438391","article-title":"The relationship between accurate and benevolently biased serial argument perceptions and individual negative health perceptions","volume":"41","author":"Bevan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410080303","article-title":"Values and personality","volume":"8","author":"Bilsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blau, Peter (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203792643"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-010-9202-1","article-title":"Personal values and well-being among Europeans, Spanish natives and immigrants to Spain: Does the culture matter?","volume":"12","author":"Bobowik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12228","article-title":"Does the value circle exist within persons or only across persons?","volume":"85","author":"Borg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2004.05.001","article-title":"Testing relationships between values and food-related lifestyle: Results from two European countries","volume":"43","author":"Scholderer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309338896","article-title":"Personal meanings, values and feelings relating to physical activity and exercise participation in female undergraduates: A qualitative exploration","volume":"14","author":"Bulley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0778-4","article-title":"Value preferences of university students as predictors of life goals","volume":"124","author":"Sapmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, Colin (2018). Traditional and Modern Hedonism. The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-79066-4"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.14417\/ap.1238","article-title":"O relacionamento e a auto-defini\u00e7\u00e3o de acordo com a perspectiva de Sidney Blatt: Conceptualiza\u00e7\u00e3o e implica\u00e7\u00f5es cl\u00ednicas [Relationship and self-definition according to Sidney Blatt\u2019s perspective: Conceptualization and clinical implications]","volume":"35","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.040","article-title":"Effects of repeated attachment. security priming in outpatients with primary depressive disorders","volume":"234","author":"Carnelley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022115604394","article-title":"Understanding cultural identification: Integrating the intersubjective approach with social identity theorizing","volume":"46","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2291","article-title":"Cultural identity and the expression of depression: A social identity perspective","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012225223418","article-title":"A hierarchical taxonomy of human goals","volume":"25","author":"Chulef","year":"2001","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022114527348","article-title":"The cross-national invariance properties of a new scale to measure 19 basic human values: A test across eight countries","volume":"45","author":"Cieciuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Cohen, Jacob (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooley, Charles (2017). Human Nature and the Social Order, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203789513"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Davies, Allyson Ross, and Ware, John (1981). Measuring Health Perceptions in the Health Insurance Experiment, Rand Corporation."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vaus, David (2013). Surveys in Social Research, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203519196"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2014.620317","article-title":"Conformity to traditional gender norms in a feminized occupation: The influence on health behaviors","volume":"6","author":"Saavedra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks158","article-title":"Socio-economic differences in participation of households in a Belgian national health survey","volume":"23","author":"Demarest","year":"2013","journal-title":"The European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dewey, John, and McDermott, John (1973). The Philosophy of John Dewey, Putnam Sons."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.34","article-title":"Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a National Index","volume":"55","author":"Diener","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006859511756","article-title":"Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators","volume":"40","author":"Diener","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056","article-title":"Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life","volume":"54","author":"Diener","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234242","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038899","article-title":"National accounts of subjective well-being","volume":"70","author":"Diener","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/00048402.2018.1483409","article-title":"Explaining the Paradox of Hedonism","volume":"97","author":"Dietz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12116","article-title":"Cross-cultural evidence of value structures and priorities in childhood","volume":"106","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ESS Round 7: European Social Survey (2014). Round 7 Data 2014. Data File Edition 2.1, NSD\u2014Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway\u2014Data Archive and Distributor of ESS Data for ESS ERIC."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ESS Round 7: European Social Survey (2016). ESS-7 2014 Documentation Report. Edition 3.1, European Social Survey Data Archive, NSD\u2014Norwegian Centre for Research Data for ESS ERIC."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Eurobarometer (2018, November 20). Standard Eurobarometer. Report. The Values of Europeans. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commfrontoffice\/publicopinion\/archives\/eb\/eb77\/eb77_value_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"European Social Survey\u2014ESS (2015). ESS Round 7 (2014\/2015) Technical Report, ESS ERIC."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110381429","article-title":"Whence differences in value priorities? Individual, cultural, or artifactual sources","volume":"42","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, Guy (2015). The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Well Being, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315682266"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00111-3","article-title":"How gender affects patterns of social relations and their impact on health: A comparison of one or multiple sources of support from \u201cclose persons\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Fuhrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/16.5.579","article-title":"The revised health hardiness inventory (RRHI24): Psychometric properties and relationship with self-reported health and health behavior in two Dutch samples","volume":"16","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Education Research"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.06.005","article-title":"Personality, social background, and occupational career success","volume":"35","author":"Gelissen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, Jane Whitney, Greenwood, Regina, and Murphy, Edward (2009). Generational differences in the workplace: Personal values, behaviors, and popular beliefs. Journal of Diversity Management, 4.","DOI":"10.19030\/jdm.v4i3.4959"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167215594189","article-title":"Patterns of value change during the life span: Some evidence from a functional approach to values","volume":"41","author":"Gouveia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.12.012","article-title":"Functional theory of human values: Testing its content and structure hypotheses","volume":"60","author":"Gouveia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.03.045","article-title":"The \u201cdark side\u201d of personal values: Relations to clinical constructs and their implications","volume":"97","author":"Hanel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariri, Nizar (2018). Mill\u2019s qualitative hedonism as an ethics of desire: Towards an intersubjective concept of pleasure. The Individual and the Other in Economic Thought, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315113258-4"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, Kahryn (2017). Health as individual responsibility: Possibilities and personal struggle. Mainstreaming Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203987902-4"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.05.001","article-title":"A conceptual paradigm for understanding culture\u2019s impact on mental health: The cultural influences on mental health (CIMH) model","volume":"28","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592710001258","article-title":"Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy","volume":"8","author":"Inglehart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspectives on Politics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2439-3","article-title":"Personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intention of international students","volume":"5","author":"Jamaludin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springer Plus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarden, Aaron John (2010). Relationships between Personal Values and Depressed Mood and Subjective Wellbeing. [Ph.D. dissertation, University of Canterbury]. Available online: http:\/\/ir.canterbury.ac.nz\/handle\/10092\/5205.","DOI":"10.1037\/e537902012-295"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Joint Research Centre-European Commission (2008). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16489","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011492107","article-title":"High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being","volume":"107","author":"Kahneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.12.055","article-title":"Hedonism, achievement, and power: Universal values that characterize the Dark Triad","volume":"77","author":"Kajonius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110396865","article-title":"Cultural values and the well-being of future generations: A cross-national study","volume":"42","author":"Kasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033344","article-title":"Materialistic values and goals","volume":"67","author":"Kasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Diener, Ed, Oishi, Shigehiro, and Tay, Louis (2018). Materialism and living well. Handbook of Well-Being, DEF Publishers."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kohn, Melvin, and Schooler, Carmi (1983). Work and Personality, Ablex."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Kohn, Melvin, and Slomczynski, Kazimierz (1993). Social Structure and Self-Direction: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland, Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768821","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020327","article-title":"Linking \u201cbig\u201d personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Kotov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.26","article-title":"The biology of happiness: Chasing pleasure and human destiny","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2019.1708509","article-title":"Finding a path for happiness in the context of sustainable development: A possible key","volume":"27","author":"Leite","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12212","article-title":"Developmental cascade models linking peer victimization, depression, and academic achievement in Chinese children","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.033","article-title":"Age-and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life\u2013systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Luppa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2014.06.001","article-title":"Personal value orientations as mediated predictors of mental health: A three-culture study of Chinese, Russian, and German university students","volume":"15","author":"Maercker","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Harrison, Lawrence, and Yasin, Evgeny (2015). Basic human values of the Russians: Both different from and similar to other Europeans. Culture Matters in Russia and Everywhere: Backdrop for the Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Lexington Books."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcv080","article-title":"Within- and between-country value diversity in Europe: A typological approach","volume":"32","author":"Magun","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/10611428.2017.1398547","article-title":"A typology of European values and Russians\u2019 basic human values","volume":"58","author":"Magun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russian Social Science Review"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(10)42001-8","article-title":"Mental representations of social values","volume":"vol. 42","author":"Zanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12855","article-title":"Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of Conservation","volume":"31","author":"Manfredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"McLeod, Saul (2018, May 21). Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs. Available online: https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/maslow.html."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12572","article-title":"Health as a predictor of students\u2019 academic achievement: A 3-level longitudinal study of Finnish adolescents","volume":"87","author":"Minkkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022110388567","article-title":"Hofstede\u2019s fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey","volume":"43","author":"Minkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1965). The Social Structure of Values, Chand."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Weiting, and Diener, Ed (2018). Affluence and subjective well-being: Does income inequality moderate their associations?. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-017-9585-9"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norlander, Torsten, Ernestad, Ellinor, Moradiani, Ziba, and Nord\u00e9n, Tommy (2015). Perceived feeling of security: A candidate for assessing remission in borderline patients?. The Open Psychology Journal, 8.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874350120150601E001"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowicki, Grzegorz, Misztal-Oko\u0144ska, Patrycja, \u015alusarska, Barbara, Rudnicka-Dro\u017cak, Ewa, M\u0142ynarska, Magdalena, and Czekierdowski, Artur (2018). Analysis of Health Behaviors and Personal Values of Childless Women, Pregnant Women and Women Who Recently Delivered. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030411"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2102","article-title":"Does a major earthquake change job preferences and human values?","volume":"31","author":"Oishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aesp.2017.10.002","article-title":"Unpacking the inequality paradox: The psychological roots of inequality and social class","volume":"vol. 57","author":"Piff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/08952841.2015.1018030","article-title":"Self-perceived health status, gender, and work status","volume":"28","author":"Ayala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Women and Aging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poeller, Susanne, Birk, Max, Baumann, Nicola, and Mandryk, Regan (, January April). Let me be implicit: Using motive disposition theory to predict and explain behaviour in digital games. Paper presented at CHI \u201818: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173764"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1432685","article-title":"The effect of individual enabling and support on empowerment and depression severity in persons with affective disorders: Outcome of a randomized control trial","volume":"72","author":"Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Ramos, Alice, Pereira, Cicero Roberto, and Vala, Jorge (2016). Economic crisis, human values and attitudes towards immigrants. Values, Economic Crisis and Democracy, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000113","article-title":"Effects of religious versus conventional cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy (CBT) on suicidal thoughts in major depression and chronic medical illness","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"190","article-title":"The structure of past and future events in borderline personality disorder, eating disorder, and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"4","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12387","article-title":"Hard times and European youth. The effect of economic in security on human values, social attitudes and well-being","volume":"52","author":"Reeskens","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1053-0","article-title":"Trait forgiveness and dyadic adjustment predict postnatal depression","volume":"27","author":"Ripley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Rokeach, Milton (1973). The Nature of Human Values, Free press."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Rudnev, Maksim, Magun, Vladimir, and Schmidt, Peter (2016). Basic human values: Stability of value typology in Europe. Values, Economic Crisis and Democracy, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.141","article-title":"On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being","volume":"52","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069","article-title":"Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being","volume":"57","author":"Ryff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(200003\/04)30:2<177::AID-EJSP982>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Value priorities and subjective well-being: Direct relations and congruity effects","volume":"30","author":"Sagiv","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0185-3","article-title":"Personal values in human life","volume":"1","author":"Sagiv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2013.870634","article-title":"Water-based exercise and quality of life in women: The role of depressive symptoms","volume":"54","author":"Schuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women & Health"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6","article-title":"Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries","volume":"vol. 25","author":"Zanna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x","article-title":"Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?","volume":"50","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Schwartz, Shalom (2020, December 17). Value Orientations. European Social Survey Core Questionnaire Development, Chapter 07. Available online: http:\/\/www.europeansocialsurvey.org\/docs\/methodology\/core_ess_questionnaire\/ESS_core_questionnaire_human_values.pdf."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Schwartz, Shalom (2021, February 19). Human Values. European Social Survey Education Net. Available online: http:\/\/essedunet.nsd.uib.no\/cms\/topics\/1\/."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3917\/rfs.474.0929","article-title":"Les valeurs de base de la personne: Th\u00e9orie, mesures et applications [Basic values of the person: Theory, measures and applications]","volume":"47","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revue Fran\u00e7aise de Sociologie"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, Shalom (2007). Value orientations: Measurement, antecedents and consequences across nations. Measuring Attitudes Cross-Nationally: Lessons from the European Social Survey, 161\u201393.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209458.n9"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, Shalom (2012). An overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2.","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1116"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Schwartz, Shalom (2013). Value priorities and behavior: Applying. The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53776-8.00020-9","article-title":"National culture as value orientations: Consequences of value differences and cultural distance","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022101032003002","article-title":"Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective","volume":"32","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener, Ed, Oishi, Shigehiro, and Tay, Louis (2018). Values and subjective well-being. Handbook of Well-Being, DEF Publishers.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0307-6"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.6.1010","article-title":"Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multimethod studies","volume":"89","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.2000.1757","article-title":"The five-factor model of personality and career success","volume":"58","author":"Seibert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"57","article-title":"Predictor relationships between the values the adolescents have and their levels of subjective well-being and social appearance anxiety: A model proposal","volume":"40","author":"Seki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Education and Science"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1086\/442742","article-title":"Reflective thinking, values, and social studies textbooks","volume":"73","author":"Shaver","year":"1965","journal-title":"The School Review"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Sober, Elliott, and Wilson, David Sloan (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113504621","article-title":"Personal value priorities and life satisfaction in Europe the moderating role of socioeconomic development","volume":"45","author":"Sortheix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2193","article-title":"Person-group value congruence and subjective well-being in students from Argentina, Bulgaria and Finland: The role of interpersonal relationships","volume":"25","author":"Sortheix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2096","article-title":"Values that underlie and undermine well-being: Variability across countries","volume":"31","author":"Sortheix","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1041","article-title":"Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change?","volume":"84","author":"Srivastava","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868317721372","article-title":"The happy culture: A theoretical, meta-Analytic, and empirical review of the relationship between culture and wealth and subjective well-being","volume":"22","author":"Steel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Stoop, Ineke (2005). The Hunt for the Last Respondent: Nonresponse in Sample Surveys, Social and Cultural Planning Office of the Netherlands. Sociaal en Cultureel Planbu."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417734311","article-title":"Justice and forgiveness in interpersonal relationships","volume":"27","author":"Strelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stringham, Edward (2015). Private Governance: Creating Order in Economic and Social Life, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199365166.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141299","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1299","article-title":"Conformity enhances network reciprocity in evolutionary social dilemmas","volume":"12","author":"Szolnoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibaut, John (2017). The Social Psychology of Groups, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315135007"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2005.08.002","article-title":"Global careers: New phenomenon or new perspectives?","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of World Business"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.5.689","article-title":"Aging and attitude change","volume":"61","author":"Tyler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12372","article-title":"Are the benefits of autonomy satisfaction and the costs of autonomy frustration dependent on individuals\u2019 autonomy strength?","volume":"86","author":"Audenaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOHS.0000005719.56211.fd","article-title":"Hedonism and happiness","volume":"4","author":"Veenhoven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraete, Janine, Ramma, Lebogang, and Jelsma, Jennifer (2018). Influence of the child\u2019s perceived general health on the primary caregiver\u2019s health status. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0840-z"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117738751","article-title":"In search of a Pan-European culture: European values, beliefs, and models of selfhood in global perspective","volume":"49","author":"Vignoles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1327974","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and drinking outcomes: The mediating role of drinking motives and protective behavioral strategies among college students","volume":"53","author":"Villarosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Substance Use and Misuse"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.01.008","article-title":"Similar but different. Health behaviour pathways differ between men and women","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1353\/lit.2018.0015","article-title":"Excremental Happiness: From Neurotic Hedonism to Dialectical Pessimism","volume":"45","author":"Ware","year":"2018","journal-title":"College Literature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-006-9020-7","article-title":"The implications of two conceptions of happiness (hedonic enjoyment and eudaimonia) for the understanding of intrinsic motivation","volume":"9","author":"Waterman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614534699","article-title":"Motivated happiness: Self-Enhancement inflates self-reported subjective well-being","volume":"5","author":"Wojcik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20653","article-title":"Asian Americans\u2019 lay beliefs about depression and professional help seeking","volume":"66","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/10\/2\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:52Z","timestamp":1760160412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/10\/2\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci10020074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci10020074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]}}}