{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:23:00Z","timestamp":1772504580926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to investigate how commercialisation and knowledge transfer between the SMEs of the tourism sector and the higher education institutions (HEIs) are made, as well as to find out whether the SMEs of the tourism sector are part of tourism networks, and what their motivations are. We used a qualitative methodology, applying the triangulation method to eight SMEs and one HEI. The results indicate that the commercialisation and knowledge transfer between the SMEs and the HEIs are not effective. SMEs are part of regional networks of business innovation; however, they do not participate in R&amp;D activities with HEIs. Some suggestions were made to SMEs, HEIs, and regional governments to speed up commercialisation and knowledge transfer in the tourism sector. We adapted the Triple Helix Model to the tourism sector, thus creating the \u201cTriple Helix in the Tourism Context\u201d. Only a few studies have researched knowledge commercialisation in the tourism sector, a gap that this article aims to compensate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10050159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Networks, Innovation and Knowledge Transfer in Tourism Industry: An Empirical Study of SMEs in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NECE\u2014Research Unit in Business Sciences &amp; Miguel Torga Institute of Higher Education, Largo Cruz de Celas n\u00ba1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NECE\u2014Research Unit in Business Sciences &amp; Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Rua General Norton de Matos, Apartado 4133, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIDISAG\u2014Research Unit of ISAG &amp; ISAG\u2014European Business School, Campus de Salazares\/Ramalde, R. de Salazares 842, 4100-442 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3729-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endicott College of International Studies (ECIS), Woosong University, Daejeon 34606, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2012.721788","article-title":"Networking for sustainable tourism\u2014Towards a research agenda","volume":"21","author":"Albrecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Tourism"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Human Resources in the Tourism of the Bistritanasaud County, Romania","volume":"16","author":"Albu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Papers-Series Management Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1080\/02642060903580649","article-title":"Knowledge transfer in a tourism destination: The effects of a network structure","volume":"30","author":"Baggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.09.007","article-title":"A framework to acquire explicit knowledge stored on different versions of software","volume":"70","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-012-0510-8","article-title":"Bridging knowledge to commercialization: The good, the bad, and the challenging","volume":"50","author":"Baycan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Regional Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2003.11.019","article-title":"The management of emotion in collaborative tourism research settings","volume":"26","author":"Beesley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.14429\/djlit.40.02.14829","article-title":"Factors affecting knowledge commercialisation in university: A case study","volume":"40","author":"Biranvand","year":"2020","journal-title":"DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1561\/0300000048","article-title":"Models and Methods of University Technology Transfer","volume":"9","author":"Bradley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Entrepreneurship"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Brennenraedts, Reginald, Bekkers, Rudi, and Verspagen, Bart (2006). 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