{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:15:48Z","timestamp":1760235348530,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BD-08445\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BD-08445\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["demssojsb541344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["demssojsb541344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Brazilian economy was, until the end of the 19th Century, based on slave labour. However, in this first quarter of the 21st Century, the problem persists. These situations tend to be mistaken with \u201csimple\u201d violations of labour laws. This work aims to establish Occupational Health and Safety parameters, focusing on energy needs, to distinguish between the breach of labour legislation and modern rural slavery in the 21st Century in Brazil. In response to this challenge, bibliographical research was carried out on the feeding and energy replenishment conditions of Brazilian slaves in the 19th Century. Obtained data were compared with a sample where 392 cases of neo-slavery in Brazil are described. The energy spent and the energy supplied was calculated to identify the enslaved workers\u2019 general feeding conditions in the two historical periods. The general conditions of food and water supply were analysed. It was possible to identify three comparable parameters: food quality, food quantity, and water supply. It was concluded that there is a parallelism of energy replenishment conditions between Brazilian slaves and neo-slaves of the 19th and 21st centuries, respectively, different from that of free workers. This difference can help authorities identify and punish instances of modern slavery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10080299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T05:17:06Z","timestamp":1628486226000},"page":"299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modern Slavery Characterisation through the Analysis of Energy Replenishment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gairo","family":"Garreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Federal Institute of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65030-005, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nia","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Brazil"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, Matthias Rohrig (2015). 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