{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T21:26:21Z","timestamp":1772141181283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hosting the Olympics is subject to socio-educational outcomes, which can represent intangible and peripheral assets for host communities. The current study explores the Games\u2019 intangible legacy on teachers\u2019 attitudes at different points in time. Data were collected among teachers who attended the Rio 2016 Education Program at three different stages: 2016 (n = 611), 2017 (n = 451), and 2020 (n = 286). A longitudinal trend study was designed using multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA tests and latent growth modelling. Results show that the teachers\u2019 perceptions of Olympic knowledge had a significant growth rate, while skills development and network\/social exchange do not show significant changes over the time periods. Longitudinal findings suggest the continuity of the Olympic education programs as the basis for strengthening the Olympic intellect and social capital formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10100359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Games\u2019 Intangible Legacy on Individuals: A Longitudinal Study of Teacher\u2019s Community"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0726-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mar\u00f4co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, ISPA\u2014Institute of Applied Psychology, 1100-304 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2011.08.004","article-title":"Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional construct: The legacy of the Olympic Games","volume":"15","author":"Agha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sport Management Review"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naul, Roland, Binder, Deanna, Rychtecky, Anton\u0131\u00edn, and Culpan, Ian (2017). Olympic education as pedagogy: Terminology, pedagogical orientations and Olympic values education. Olympic Education. An International Review, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203131510"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2012.676539","article-title":"Olympic values education: Evolution of pedagogy","volume":"64","author":"Binder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Review"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Byrne, Barbara M. (2000). Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programmeming, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","article-title":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","article-title":"Social capital in the creation of human capital","volume":"94","author":"Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Coleman, James (1990). Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naul, Roland, Binder, Deanna, Rychtecky, Anton\u0131\u00edn, and Culpan, Ian (2017). China: Olympic education in the context of the Beijing Olympic Games. Olympic Education, Routledge. An International Review.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203131510"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15248371003699969","article-title":"Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling","volume":"11","author":"Curran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.18848\/2152-7857\/CGP\/v09i02\/19-35","article-title":"The Educational Programme of the Olympic Games\u2014Rio 2016","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Sport and Society"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.05.017","article-title":"The Implementation of Olympic Education Programmes at World Level","volume":"41","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"427","article-title":"Evaluating the implementation of an Olympic education Programme in Greece","volume":"52","author":"Grammatikopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Review of Education"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/19406940.2012.656676","article-title":"Physical education and youth sport in England: Conceptual and practical foundations for an Olympic legacy?","volume":"5","author":"Griffiths","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-017-0049-9","article-title":"Do Individual Differences Predict Change in Cognitive Training Performance? A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach","volume":"1","author":"Guye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Enhancement"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hair, Joseph. F., Black, William C., Babin, Barry J., and Anderson, Rolph E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analyses, Prentice Hall. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hwang, Bo Ra (2021, September 07). Olympic Education Policy in Practice: Development, Delivery and Evaluation (Case Study of Tokyo 2020). Available online: https:\/\/library.olympic.org\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/173640\/olympic-education-policy-in-practice-development-delivery-and-evaluation-case-study-of-tokyo-2020-fi?_lg=en-GB."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Impulsiona (2020, September 28). Pedagogical Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/impulsiona.org.br\/sobre\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"IOC (2021, September 08). Olympic Charter. Available online: https:\/\/library.olympics.com\/Default\/digital-viewer\/c-172431."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"IOC (2020, January 17). The Fundamentals of Olympic Values Education. Available online: https:\/\/www.icsspe.org\/system\/files\/The%20Fundamentals%20of%20Olympic%20Values%20Education.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/13573320802615288","article-title":"Youth sport volunteering: Developing social capital?","volume":"14","author":"Kay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sport, Education and Society"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/soc10020039","article-title":"Educational Legacy of the Rio 2016 Games: Lessons for Youth Engagement","volume":"10","author":"Kirakosyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naul, Roland, Binder, Deanna, Rychtecky, Anton\u0131\u00edn, and Culpan, Ian (2017). London 2012: Olympic education in the United Kingdom. Olympic Education, Routledge. An International Review.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203131510"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohe, Geoffery Z., and Collison, Holly (2019). Sport, Education and Corporatisation Spaces of Connection, Contestation and Creativity, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351128865"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.885","article-title":"Residents\u2019 perceptions of the 2008 Beijing Olympics: Comparison of pre- and post-impacts","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Tourism Research"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1080\/09523367.2011.623006","article-title":"Olympic Games legacy: From general benefits to sustainable long-term legacy","volume":"29","author":"Leopkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of the History of Sport"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"The governance of Olympic legacy: Process, actors and mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Leopkey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leisure Studies"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2014.881337","article-title":"A qualitative study of the impact of the London 2012 Olympics on families in the East Midlands of England: Lessons for sports development policy and practice","volume":"20","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport, Education and Society"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, Jo\u00e3o (2014). Structural Equation Modeling: Theoretical Foundations, Software and Applications, Report Number."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naul, Roland, Binder, Deanna, Rychtecky, Anton\u0131\u00edn, and Culpan, Ian (2017). Colombia Olympic education for social transformation. Olympic Education, Routledge. An International Review.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203131510"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"105","article-title":"The implementation of the Olympic education concept through \u201cGeneration 2024\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Monnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Olympic Sports Culture Studies"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.14712\/23366052.2018.7","article-title":"The Youth Olympic Games as an arena for Olympic education: An evaluation of the school Programme, \u201cDream Day\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Nordhagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Universitatis Carolinae Kinanthropologica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/19406940.2018.1490336","article-title":"Event legacy framework and measurement","volume":"11","author":"Preuss","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a Model of Olympic Social Capital: Theory and Early Evidence","volume":"5","author":"Kurscheidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Issues in Sport Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, Tiago, Correia, Abel, Figueiredo, Carlos, and Biscaia, Rui (2020). The Olympic Games\u2019 impact on the development of teachers: The case of Rio 2016 Official Olympic Education Programmeme. Educational Review, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2020.1837739"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSMS-04-2020-0073","article-title":"The Rio\u2019s Transport Legacy: Pre- and Post-Games Resident Perceptions","volume":"22","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1123\/jsm.2019-0039","article-title":"Temporal Variations in the Relationship between Legacies and Support: A Longitudinal Case Study in Rio 2016 Olympic Games","volume":"34","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Management"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"ROCOG (2020, January 20). Rio 2016 Education Programme Concept. Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Available online: https:\/\/library.olympic.org\/Default\/doc\/SYRACUSE\/72375\/rio-2016-education-Programmeme-concept-version-1-3-november-2012-mariana-behr-natalie-dusenberg-rio-20."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1458906","article-title":"Do the Youth Olympic Games promote Olympism? Analysing a mission (im)possible from a local youth perspective","volume":"18","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1254280","article-title":"The effects of a three-year integrated Olympic education Programmeme on adolescents\u2019 prosocial behaviours","volume":"17","author":"Sukys","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2012.688729","article-title":"Optimizing Olympic education: A comprehensive approach to understanding and teaching the philosophy of Olympism","volume":"64","author":"Teetzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Review"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/10\/10\/359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:42Z","timestamp":1760166342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/10\/10\/359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci10100359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci10100359","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}}}