{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:28:09Z","timestamp":1775068089787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05739\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05739\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The demographic data and projections show that the world is ageing at a high pace and that this has transversal consequences to society. The available data on ageism show that it constitutes the most prevalent form of discrimination in Europe. Whilst this seems logical because ageism, potentially, affects everybody (unlike sexism or racism), public debates on the phenomenon are rare. The awareness of people of its importance is minimal, the resources and investigation devoted to understanding it are relatively small and the initiatives towards combating ageism are not enough. There is a mismatch between the dimension of the phenomenon and the attention that we have given it. Ageism has various negative consequences for the older adults themselves; for the institutions at large (but especially for the working world institutions) and for countries. In a fast-ageing world that will witness structural changes in age groups, ageism is a complex phenomenon that needs to be counteracted. So far, in Europe, combating ageism through law and public policy seems to have produced poor results. However, the literature shows that adult education and learning can provide very effective means to improve the mutual knowledge between generations, combat myths and prejudice and deconstruct age-based stereotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11030110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:50:53Z","timestamp":1646790653000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Combating Ageism through Adult Education and Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2212-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Adult Education and Community Intervention (CEAD), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Humanas e Socials, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9lia","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Adult Education and Community Intervention (CEAD), Universidade dos A\u00e7ores, R. da M\u00e3e de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Age UK (2011). Grey Matters\u2013A Survey of Ageism across Europe. EU Briefing and Policy Recommendations, Age UK\/EURAGE."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/02650533.2014.993943","article-title":"Age-Friendly Organisations: The Role of Organisational Culture and the Participation of Older Workers","volume":"29","author":"Appannah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work Practice"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/00207659.2018.1483004","article-title":"Early Retirement and Late Retirement: Comparative Analysis of 20 European Countries","volume":"48","author":"Axelrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). Introduction to the Section: Ageism- Concept and Origins. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12251","article-title":"Age discrimination in the workplace: Identifying as a late-career worker and its relationship with engagement and intended retirement age","volume":"44","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bengtson, Vern L., and Oyama, Petrice S. (2007). Intergenerational Solidarity: Strengthening Economic and Social Ties, United Nations Headquarters. Background Paper."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.2307\/352993","article-title":"Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction","volume":"53","author":"Bengtson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3384\/rela.2000-7426.rela20192","article-title":"Inclusion in education later in life. Why older adults engage in education activities?","volume":"10","author":"Bjursell","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milana, Marcella, Webb, Sue, Holford, John, Waller, Richard, and Jarvis, Peter (2018). Critical Adult Education: Traditions and Influence. The Palgrave International Handbook on Adult and Lifelong Education and Learning, Palgrave MacMillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-55783-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.4_Part_1.243","article-title":"Age-ism: Another form of bigotry","volume":"9","author":"Butler","year":"1969","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1980.tb02018.x","article-title":"Ageism: A foreword","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2015.1059139","article-title":"Addressing Ageism in Students: A Systematic Review of the Pedagogical Intervention Literature","volume":"41","author":"Chonody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2005.00405.x","article-title":"This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype","volume":"61","author":"Cuddy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, November 02). Directive 2000\/78\/EC [Establishes a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation]. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32000L0078."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). Ageism and Anti-Ageism in the Legal System: A Review of Key Themes. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/15350770.2016.1160731","article-title":"Age encounters: Exploring age and intergenerational perceptions","volume":"14","author":"Dow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Intergenerational Relationships"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0432.2004.00222.x","article-title":"Never the right age? Gender and age-based discrimination in employment","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gender, Work and Organization"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Union (2019a). Ageing Europe. Looking at the Lives of older People in EU\u20132019 Edition, Publications Office of the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-statistical-books\/-\/KS-02-19-681."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Union (2019b). Special Eurobarometer 493. Report on Discrimination in the European Union, Directorate-General for Communication."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, John, Burke, Ronald J., and Cooper, Cary L. (2013). Age and generational differences in work psychology: Facts, fictions, and meaningful work. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269916"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Findsen, Brian, and Formosa, Marvin (2011). Lifelong Learning in Later Life. A Handbook on Older Adult Learning, Sense Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6091-651-9"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2020.1726643","article-title":"Overcoming ageism: Critical reflexivity for gerontology practice","volume":"46","author":"Kinsella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"15","article-title":"Exposing ageing","volume":"11","author":"Formosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"BOLD, Quarterly Journal of the International Institute on Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Four decades of Universities of the Third Age: Past, present, future","volume":"34","author":"Formosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing & Society"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3138\/utq.90.2.08","article-title":"Manifestations of Internalized Ageism in Older Adult Learning","volume":"90","author":"Formosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"University of Toronto Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Freire, Paulo (1965). Educa\u00e7\u00e3o como Pr\u00e1tica de Liberdade, Editora Paz e Terra."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Freire, Paulo (1987). Ac\u00e7\u00e3o Cultural para a Liberdade, Editora Paz e Terra."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Freire, Paulo (1997). Pedagog\u00eda del Oprimido, Siglo XXI de Espa\u00f1a Editores."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2009.00738.x","article-title":"Age discrimination in the workplace: Validation of the Nordic Age Discrimination Scale (NADS)","volume":"51","author":"Furunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). The European Union\u2019s Approach towards Ageism. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2021.1871904","article-title":"The role of the University of the Third Age in meeting the needs of older adult learners in Poland","volume":"42","author":"Gierszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology & Geriatrics Education"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7227\/JACE.20.1.6","article-title":"Stories of learning across the lifespan: Life history and biographical research in adult education","volume":"20","author":"Gouthro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adult and Continuing Education"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grummell, Bernie, and Finnegan, Fergal (2020). Doing Critical and Creative Research in Adult Education, Brill Sense.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004420755"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, John, Burke, Ronald J., and Cooper, Cary L. (2013). Prolonging working life in an Aging world: A cross-national perspective on labour market and welfare policies towards active aging. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269916"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Wyer, Robert S., and Srull, Thomas K. (1994). Stereotypes. Handbook of Social Cognition, Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1027\/1901-2276.61.3.4","article-title":"A conceptual analysis of ageism","volume":"61","author":"Iversen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nordic Psychology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2012.748656","article-title":"Ageism at work: The impact of intergenerational contact and organizational multi-age perspective","volume":"22","author":"Iweins","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, John, Burke, Ronald J., and Cooper, Cary L. (2013). Research on age diversity in the workforce: Current trends and future research directions. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269916"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/job.698","article-title":"Age diversity, age discrimination climate, and performance consequences\u2014A cross organizational study","volume":"32","author":"Kunze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15350770.2019.1673276","article-title":"Documented Outcomes for Older Adults in Intergenerational Programming: A Scoping Review","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intergenerational Relationships"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2021.1915943","article-title":"Older adult volunteers in intergenerational programs in educational settings across the globe","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/41.5.578","article-title":"Eradication of ageism requires addressing the enemy within","volume":"41","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"226","article-title":"Toward reducing ageism: PEACE (Positive education about aging and contact experiences) model","volume":"58","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12153","article-title":"Progress on Understanding Ageism","volume":"72","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2020.1737047","article-title":"Instapals: Reducing ageism by facilitating intergenerational contact and providing aging education","volume":"41","author":"Lytle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontology & Geriatrics Education"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2020.1854246","article-title":"Addressing stereotypes of aging and interest in careers working with older adults through education","volume":"42","author":"Macdonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology & Geriatrics Education"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2013.808111","article-title":"Workplace Ageism: Discovering Hidden Bias","volume":"39","author":"Malinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Aging Research"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2020.1796280","article-title":"\u201cI\u2019m slowly ageing but I still have my value\u201d: Challenging ageism and empowering older persons through lifelong learning in Singapore","volume":"46","author":"Maloud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/15350770.2018.1500333","article-title":"Intergenerational Programs Review: Study Design and Characteristics of Intervention, Outcomes, and Effectiveness","volume":"17","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intergenerational Relationships"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). The Council of Europe\u2019s Approach towards Ageism. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2018.1563473","article-title":"Attitudes about Working Beyond Normal Retirement Age: The Role of Mandatory Retirement","volume":"31","author":"Mulders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Aging & Social Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027843","article-title":"An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots","volume":"138","author":"North","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Tikkanen, Tarja, and Nyhan, Barry (2006). New policy thinking on the relationship between age, work and learning. Promoting Lifelong Learning for Older Workers. An International Overview, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"OECD (2017). Preventing Ageing Unequally, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Palmore, Erdman B. (1999). Ageism, Negative and Positive, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Palmore, Erdman B., Branch, Laurence, and Harris, Diana K. (2005a). Definitions. Encyclopedia of Ageism, The Haworth Pastoral Press and The Haworth Reference Press."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Palmore, Erdman B., Branch, Laurence, and Harris, Diana K. (2005b). Reducing Ageism. Encyclopedia of Ageism, The Haworth Pastoral Press and The Haworth Reference Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.12775\/CJFA.2014.021","article-title":"The financial aspect of intergenerational solidarity from the point of view of the senior","volume":"3","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206308318617","article-title":"Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions","volume":"35","author":"Posthuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, John, Burke, Ronald J., and Cooper, Cary L. (2013). Age stereotypes in the workplace: Multidimensionality, cross-culture applications, and direction for future research. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269916"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). Educational Methods Using Intergenerational Interaction to Fight Ageism. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3384\/rela.2000-7426.rela20197","article-title":"Education and socialisation in later life: The case of University of Third Age in Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Ricardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"641","article-title":"The raising of the normal retirement age (NRA) in the ageing era in the advanced countries: The dilemma between securing the stability of the pension system versus the risk of increasing unemployment","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"Policy Studies"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, John, Burke, Ronald J., and Cooper, Cary L. (2013). Legal aspects of age discrimination. The Sage Handbook of Aging, Work and Society, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269916"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/15350770.2017.1329582","article-title":"Building a Humane Society for Older People: Compassionate Policy Making for Integration, Participation, and Positive Ageing within a Framework of Intergenerational Solidarity","volume":"15","author":"Seedsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Intergenerational Relationships"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"73","article-title":"Conception of ageing: Perspective of the young and the elderly","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal of Indian Psychology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2015.1095650","article-title":"Ageism and age discrimination in working life","volume":"68","author":"Solem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nordic Psychology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-016-0407-y","article-title":"Soft and hard age discrimination - dual nature of workplace discrimination","volume":"14","author":"Turek","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Ageing"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). Ageism and Age Discrimination in the Labour Market: A Macrostructural Perspective. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"33","article-title":"A theory in progress? Issues in transformative learning theory","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01924788.2016.1127041","article-title":"Intergenerational Programs to Promote Active Aging: The Experiences and Perspectives of Older Adults","volume":"40","author":"Teater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Activities, Adaptation & Aging"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Tikkanen, Tarja, and Nyhan, Barry (2006). The lifelong learning debate and older workers. Promoting Lifelong Learning for Older Workers. An International Overview, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/15350770.2018.1535354","article-title":"Impacts on older people contributing to an intergenerational course about aging","volume":"17","author":"Tullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intergenerational Relationships"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). World Populations Ageing 2019, United Nations. Highlights."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Veloso, Esmeraldina (2011). Vidas Depois da Reforma, Coisas de Ler."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.24115\/S2446-6220201733365p.206-220","article-title":"A redu\u00e7\u00e3o de estere\u00f3tipos e atitudes negativas entre as gera\u00e7\u00f5es\u2013o contributo da educa\u00e7\u00e3o intergeracional","volume":"3","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laplage em Revista (Sotocaba)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalon, Liat, and Tesch-R\u00f6mer, Clemens (2018). Ageism: The Relationship between Age Stereotypes and Age Discrimination. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, Springer Open.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73820-8"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withnall, Alexandra (2010). Improving Learning in Later Life, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203872536"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"429","article-title":"Intergenerational solidarity and life satisfaction in elderly","volume":"21","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Geriatrics"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/3\/110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:08Z","timestamp":1760135588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/3\/110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci11030110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci11030110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]}}}