{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:37:15Z","timestamp":1773837435900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["Ref.: UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref.: UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in digital practices and networking has introduced important changes to social interactions. The extensive use of technology among young people has allowed for cyber communication, which has numerous benefits but can also trigger violence in relationships. Interpersonal violence affecting young people is becoming more widely recognized as a public health issue. The aim of this scoping review is to map and systematize the published academic literature on Cyber Interpersonal Violence (CIV) amongst young people, following the methodological approach proposed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley. Five databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Science Direct and Social Sciences Citation Index. Eighteen studies in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French, published from 2004 onwards, were included. Three main areas arose in the CIV: cyber dating abuse, cyberbullying and cyber-harassment. Investing in prevention is the key to preventing cyber violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11050207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mapping the Cyber Interpersonal Violence among Young Populations: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Caridade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Vale do Ave School of Health, North Polytechnic Institute of Health, Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, 4760-409 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Lobato","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Social Sciences (CICS), Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), National School of Public Health, NOVA University, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasiou, Kalliope, Melegkovits, Eirini, Andrie, Elisabeth K., Magoulas, Charalampos, Tzavara, Chara K., Richardson, Clive, Greydanus, Donald, Tsolia, Maria, and Tsitsika, Artemis K. (2018). Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14\u201317-year-old adolescents across seven European countries. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5682-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0056","article-title":"Networked individuals, gendered violence: A literature review of cyberviolence","volume":"5","author":"Backe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Violence and Gender"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"221","article-title":"Abuso \u201conline\u201d en el noviazgo: Relaci\u00f3n con depression, ansiedad y ajuste di\u00e1dico","volume":"24","author":"Borrajo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioral Psychology\/Psicolog\u00eda Conductual"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.063","article-title":"The development and validation of the cyber dating abuse questionnaire among young couples","volume":"48","author":"Borrajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.03.003","article-title":"Digital dating abuse measures: A critical review","volume":"40","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buelga, Sofia, Postigo, Javier, Mart\u00ednez-Ferrer, Bel\u00e9n, Cava, Mar\u00eda-Jes\u00fas, and Ortega-Bar\u00f3n, Jessica (2020). Cyberbullying among adolescents: Psychometric properties of the CYB-AGS cyber-aggressor Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093090"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14417\/ap.1543","article-title":"Vers\u00e3o portuguesa do Cyber Dating Abuse Questionaire (CDAQ)\u2013Question\u00e1rio sobre Ciberabuso no Namoro (CibAN): Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o e propriedades psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"1","author":"Caridade","year":"2019","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.08.018","article-title":"Cyber dating abuse (CDA): Evidence from a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Caridade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caridade, S\u00f3nia, Sousa, H\u00e9lder Fernando Pedrosa e, and Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta (2020). Cyber and offline dating abuse in a Portuguese sample: Prevalence and context of abuse. Behavioral Sciences, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs10100152"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cava, Mar\u00eda-Jes\u00fas, Buelga, Sof\u00eda, Carrascosa, Laura, and Ortega-Bar\u00f3n, Jessica (2020). Relations among romantic myths, offline dating violence victimization and cyber dating violence victimization in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051551"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314546775","article-title":"Predictors of Unwanted Exposure to Online Pornography and Online Sexual Solicitation of Youth","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.10.005","article-title":"Association between Sexting and Sexual Coercion among Female Adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Council of Europe (2020, December 22). Cyberviolence. Available online: https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/cybercrime\/cyberviolence."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.065","article-title":"Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire","volume":"50","author":"Casas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, November 21). A Cybersecure Digital Transformation in a Complex Threat Environment\u2014Brochure. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/cybersecure-digital-transformation-complex-threat-environment-brochure."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Institute for Gender Equality (2021, January 22). Violence at a Glance. Available online: https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2020\/domain\/violence."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyber dating abuse in affective and sexual relationships: A literature review","volume":"33","author":"Flach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cadernos de Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0922-6","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and peer victimization: Bidirectional relationships and associated outcomes transitioning from childhood to adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Forbes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S275414","article-title":"Cyber dating violence prevention programs in universal populations: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Galende","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.17060\/ijodaep.2017.n1.v2.879","article-title":"Apego y Ciber-Violencia En La Pareja de Adolescentes","volume":"2","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista INFAD de Psicolog\u00eda. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9898-8","article-title":"Partner aggression versus partner abuse terminology: Moving the field forward and resolving controversies","volume":"31","author":"Geffner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2256-2","article-title":"Cyberbullying among Greek high school adolescents","volume":"84","author":"Gkiomisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"218","article-title":"Abuso, control y violencia en la pareja a trav\u00e9s de internet y los smartphones: Caracter\u00edsticas, evaluaci\u00f3n y prevenci\u00f3n","volume":"39","author":"Guadix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Papeles del Psic\u00f3logo"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hinduja, Sameer, and Patchin, Justin W. (2011). Electronic Dating Violence, Cyberbullying Research Center."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030309","article-title":"Online Harassment in Context: Trends from Three Youth Internet Safety Surveys (2000, 2005, 2010)","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, Woochun (2020). A study on the cause analysis of cyberbullying in Korean adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134648"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kearl, Holly (2018). The Facts behind The# MeToo Movement: A National Study on Sexual Harassment and Assault, Stop Street Harassment."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0627","article-title":"Perpetration of Teen Dating Violence in a Networked Society","volume":"16","author":"Korchmaros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.02.009","article-title":"A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors","volume":"45","author":"Kowalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064031","article-title":"Cyber bullying prevention: Intervention in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9925-5","article-title":"Cyber Bullying and Physical Bullying in Adolescent Suicide: The Role of Violent Behavior and Substance Use","volume":"42","author":"Litwiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.02.009","article-title":"Cross-Sectional and Temporal Associations between Cyber Dating Abuse Victimization and Mental Health and Substance Use Outcomes","volume":"65","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109914522627","article-title":"Exploring gender differences: Socially interactive technology use\/abuse among dating teens","volume":"29","author":"Lucero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Affilia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014959","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014959","article-title":"Factors Associated with Online Victimisation among Malaysian Adolescents Who Use Social Networking Sites: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"7","author":"Marret","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01040.x","article-title":"Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students","volume":"80","author":"Mishna","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.12.005","article-title":"Multiple Online Victimization of Spanish Adolescents: Results from a Community Sample","volume":"52","author":"Montiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2017.1305885","article-title":"The cyber dating violence inventory. Validation of a new scale for online perpetration and victimization among dating partners","volume":"15","author":"Morelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106191","article-title":"Cyber-aggression and psychological aggression in adolescent couples: A short-term longitudinal study on prevalence and common and differential predictors","volume":"104","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.039","article-title":"Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents","volume":"62","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0568-1","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse among early adolescents","volume":"46","author":"Peskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2014). Internet User Demographics, Pew Research."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2016.1154964","article-title":"Policing Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence against Adult Victims: Police and Service Sector Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Policing and Society"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219888025","article-title":"Adolescent bystanders witnessing cyber violence against women and girls: What they observe and how they respond","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219880959","article-title":"Cyber sexual harassment: A summary of current measures and implications for future research","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216630143","article-title":"Snooping and sexting: Digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students","volume":"22","author":"Reed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.006","article-title":"\u201cCyberdating Q_A\u201d: An instrument to assess the quality of adolescent dating relationships in social networks","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ciberagresi\u00f3n En Parejas Adolescentes: Un Estudio Transcultural Espa\u00f1a-M\u00e9xico","volume":"34","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Mexicana de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.043","article-title":"Cyber dating violence: Prevalence and correlates among high school students from small urban areas in Quebec","volume":"234","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.04.006","article-title":"Consistency of gender differences in bullying in cross-cultural surveys","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/14614440222226271","article-title":"Cyberstalking and the Technologies of Interpersonal Terrorism","volume":"4","author":"Spitzberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0061","article-title":"Psychological abuse in the context of social media","volume":"5","author":"Stephenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Violence and Gender"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106211","article-title":"\u201cTechnology was designed for this\u201d: Adolescents\u2019 perceptions of the role and impact of the use of technology in cyber dating violence","volume":"105","author":"Stonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, January 19). Adolescent and Young ADULT Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840516683229","article-title":"The Associations between Substance Use, Sexual Behaviors, Bullying, Deviant Behaviors, Health, and Cyber Dating Abuse Perpetration","volume":"33","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of School Nursing"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.02.011","article-title":"Adolescent Cyber Dating Abuse Victimization and Its Associations with Substance Use, and Sexual Behaviors","volume":"135","author":"Ponnet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.038","article-title":"Pathological Narcissism, Cyberbullying Victimization and Offending among Homosexual and Heterosexual Participants in Online Dating Websites","volume":"57","author":"Zerach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9922-8","article-title":"The Rate of Cyber Dating Abuse among Teens and How It Relates to Other Forms of Teen Dating Violence","volume":"42","author":"Zweig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0047-x","article-title":"Correlates of Cyber Dating Abuse among Teens","volume":"43","author":"Zweig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/5\/207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:43Z","timestamp":1760137723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/5\/207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci11050207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci11050207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}}}