{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:25:40Z","timestamp":1768404340490,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a result of the pandemic and the consequent changes in labor market patterns, firms are facing a difficult moment in attracting and retaining talented employees. In these new patterns, remuneration factors are increasingly a necessary but not sufficient condition to address this challenge. Given this background, this study seeks to identify the role of perceived organizational support in affective organizational commitment. In order to achieve this objective, structural equation models were used based on survey data from a sample of 333 respondents. The findings of this study reveal that perceived organizational support positively influences affective organizational commitment, job involvement, and job satisfaction. Furthermore, job involvement and job satisfaction were found to play a mediating effect in the relation between perceived organizational support and affective organizational commitment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11090406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring the Direct and Indirect Influence of Perceived Organizational Support on Affective Organizational Commitment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Gest\u00e3o, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4074-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Transdisciplinary Research Center of Innovation & Entrepreneurship Ecosystems (TRIE), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Business Research Unit (BRU), Department of Marketing, Operation and General Management (IBS), ISCTE-IUL, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Research Unit (BRU), Department of Marketing, Operation and General Management (IBS), ISCTE-IUL, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Renato Lopes","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Research Unit (BRU), Department of Marketing, Operation and General Management (IBS), ISCTE-IUL, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Piaget, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-4923.155592","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between human well-being and ecosystem services: A review of frameworks","volume":"12","author":"Agarwala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conservation and Society"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2307\/256294","article-title":"Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers\u2019 commitment and role orientation","volume":"33","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055617","article-title":"An index of job satisfaction","volume":"35","author":"Brayfield","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102754","article-title":"Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID-19 on employees\u2019 work attitudes and turnover intentions","volume":"94","author":"Bajrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Hospitality Management"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/222820","article-title":"Notes on the concept of commitment","volume":"66","author":"Becker","year":"1960","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1108\/08858620710773440","article-title":"The relationship of facets of salesperson job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment","volume":"22","author":"Boles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-017-9499-4","article-title":"The facet satisfaction scale: An effective affective measure of job satisfaction facets","volume":"33","author":"Bowling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/job.190","article-title":"Organizational commitment, supervisory commitment, and employee outcomes in the Chinese context: Proximal hypothesis or global hypothesis?","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-10-2019-0216","article-title":"The role of human resource management practices and employee job satisfaction in predicting organizational commitment in Saudi Arabian banking sector","volume":"40","author":"Cherif","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.12306","article-title":"Affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A cross-national comparative study","volume":"95","author":"Chordiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Administration"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377401100303","article-title":"Measuring the job satisfaction of industrial salesmen","volume":"11","author":"Churchill","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2007.05.001","article-title":"Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment","volume":"17","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2020.1833070","article-title":"IJHRM after 30 years: Taking stock in times of COVID-19 and looking towards the future of HR research","volume":"32","author":"Cooke","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.4.774","article-title":"Exchange relationships: Examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support","volume":"90","author":"Conway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024363","article-title":"Public-Service Motivation: Building Empirical Evidence of Incidence and Effect","volume":"4","author":"Crewson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/basr.12256","article-title":"One size does NOT fit all: Understanding differences in perceived organizational support during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"127","author":"Daniels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Business and Society Review"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206307309259","article-title":"Perceived organizational support: Reducing the negative influence of coemployee withdrawal behavior","volume":"34","author":"Eder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.3.500","article-title":"Perceived organizational support","volume":"71","author":"Eisenberger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.1.42","article-title":"Reciprocation of perceived organizational support","volume":"86","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iedeen.2019.05.001","article-title":"Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance","volume":"25","author":"Eliyana","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Research on Management and Business Economics"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Falk, R. Frank, and Miller, Nancy B. (1992). A primer for Soft Modeling, University of Akron Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.25530866","article-title":"Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organizational support\u2013employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality","volume":"50","author":"Farh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3200\/SOCP.146.6.701-716","article-title":"Construed external image and organizational identification: A test of the moderating influence of need for self-esteem","volume":"146","author":"Fuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hair, Joseph F., Hult, G. Tomas M., Ringle, Christian M., and Sarstedt, Marko (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.11.2.119","article-title":"\u201cSame same\u201d but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment?","volume":"11","author":"Hallberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2014.886197","article-title":"Customer orientation of frontline employees and organizational commitment","volume":"34","author":"Ifie","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1108\/JMD-11-2016-0250","article-title":"The effect of OCB in relationship between personality, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on performance","volume":"36","author":"Indarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Management Development"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judge, Timothy A., Zhang, Shuxia (Carrie), and Glerum, David R. (2020). Job satisfaction. Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429325755-11"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.3.341","article-title":"Measurement of job and work involvement","volume":"67","author":"Kanungo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051817727702","article-title":"Can empowering leaders affect subordinates\u2019 well-being and careers because they encourage subordinates\u2019 job crafting behaviors?","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-232X.2010.00630.x","article-title":"Job satisfaction and promotions","volume":"50","author":"Kosteas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/19361610.2019.1636591","article-title":"Exploring the Association between Work-Family Conflict and Job Involvement among Private Correctional Staff","volume":"15","author":"Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Security Research"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/14613557211016494","article-title":"The good life: Exploring the effects job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on the life satisfaction of police officers","volume":"23","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Police Science & Management"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029692","article-title":"Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation","volume":"54","author":"Lawler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-015-9383-1","article-title":"Proactive personality and job satisfaction: The mediating effects of self-efficacy and work engagement in teachers","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(69)90013-0","article-title":"What is job satisfaction?","volume":"4","author":"Locke","year":"1969","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021692","article-title":"The definition and measurement of job involvement","volume":"49","author":"Lodahl","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2004.09.003","article-title":"Job satisfaction among nurses: A literature review","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.84.4.467","article-title":"Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees","volume":"84","author":"Lynch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuti, Amelia, Giancaspro, Maria Luisa, Molino, Monica, Ingusci, Emanuela, Russo, Vincenzo, Signore, Fulvio, Zito, Margherita, and Cortese, Claudio Giovanni (2020). \u201cEverything will be fine\u201d: A study on the relationship between employees\u2019 perception of sustainable HRM practices and positive organizational behavior during COVID19. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122310216"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, Carla, Galv\u00e3o, Anderson Rei, and Marques, Carla Susana (2022). How Perceived Organizational Support, Identification with Organization and Work Engagement Influence Job Satisfaction: A Gender-Based Perspective. Administrative Sciences, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci12020066"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/1053-4822(91)90011-Z","article-title":"A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment","volume":"1","author":"Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, J. P., and Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231556"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, John P., Gagn\u00e9, Maryl\u00e8ne, and Parfyonova, Natalya M. (2010). Toward an evidence-based model of engagement: What we can learn from motivation and commitment research. Handbook of Employee Engagement, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781849806374.00011"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/0258042X211026147","article-title":"Impact of Increasing Social Resources on Work Engagement and Affective Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Person\u2013Job Fit","volume":"47","author":"Moulik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Management and Labour Studies"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(79)90072-1","article-title":"The measurement of organizational commitment","volume":"14","author":"Mowday","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niebuhr, Fiona, Borle, Prem, B\u00f6rner-Zobel, Franziska, and Voelter-Mahlknecht, Susanne (2022). Healthy and happy working from home? Effects of working from home on employee health and job satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031122"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oubibi, Mohamed, Fute, Antony, Xiao, Weilong, Sun, Binghai, and Zhou, Yueliang (2022). Perceived organizational support and career satisfaction among chinese teachers: The mediation effects of job crafting and work engagement during COVID-19. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14020623"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"PORDATA (2022, August 29). Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Activa: Total e por Grupo Et\u00e1rio. Available online: https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/Portugal\/Popula%c3%a7%c3%a3o+activa+total+e+por+grupo+et%c3%a1rio-29."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Ringle, Christian M., Wende, Sven, and Will, Alexander (2015). SmartPLS3.0, SmartPLS GmbH. Available online: www.smartpls.de."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20032","article-title":"Employee attitudes and job satisfaction","volume":"43","author":"Saari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/255773","article-title":"Job involvement: Concepts and measurements","volume":"19","author":"Saleh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.5.637","article-title":"A construct validity study of the survey of perceived organizational support","volume":"76","author":"Shore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7227\/JACE.13.2.4","article-title":"Older employee behaviour and interest in continuing education","volume":"13","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Adult and Continuing Education"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-01-2014-0007","article-title":"Job involvement, organizational commitment, professional commitment, and team commitment","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benchmarking: An International Journal"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2019.1619813","article-title":"Bureaucratic structures and organizational commitment: Findings from a comparative study of 20 European countries","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Management Review"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x","article-title":"Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings","volume":"46","author":"Tett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1108\/MRR-09-2015-0216","article-title":"Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation among ICT-SMEs","volume":"39","author":"Valaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Management Research Review"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2020.1810042","article-title":"Supervisor narcissism and employee performance: A moderated mediation model of affective organizational commitment and power distance orientation","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/257021","article-title":"Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective","volume":"40","author":"Wayne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(77)90041-0","article-title":"Commitment: A behavioral approach to job involvement","volume":"10","author":"Wiener","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12557","article-title":"How exhausting!? Emotion crossover in organizational social networks","volume":"57","author":"Zagenczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/9\/406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:23:51Z","timestamp":1760142231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/11\/9\/406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci11090406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci11090406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]}}}