{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:35:42Z","timestamp":1760150142629,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Psychology (CPUP)\u2013FCT- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00050\/2020","CEECINST\/00127\/2018","UIDB04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00050\/2020","CEECINST\/00127\/2018","UIDB04045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00050\/2020","CEECINST\/00127\/2018","UIDB04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00050\/2020","CEECINST\/00127\/2018","UIDB04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Research regarding sibling violence is still scarce, although it is the most common type of intrafamily violence. Every sibling\u2019s position in the sibling dyad seems to influence this type of violent conduct since every status has its characteristics. Siblings involved in aggressive behavior seem to be described as having low self-esteem. This study intends to test the predictive effect of self-esteem, sibling position and sex on sibling violence development. (2) Method: The sample consists of 286 students, aged between 12 and 17 years, from both sexes. A social demographic questionnaire and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales\u2014the Portuguese Sibling Version (CTS2-SP) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used for data collection. (3) Results: The results show an association between self-esteem in sibling violence, as well as an association between sibling position on negotiation and sexual coercion\u2019s perpetration and victimization. Sex also predicts the negotiation of psychological aggression\u2019s perpetration and psychological and physical aggression\u2019s victimization. (4) Discussion: the results will be discussed according to the attachment theory, considering the importance of affective bonds with siblings as adaptive development facilitators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12110595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T07:22:15Z","timestamp":1698304935000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sibling Violence and Position in Sibling Dyad in a Sample of Adolescents: How Does It Relate to Self-Esteem?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinheiro","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Psychology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana Rita","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3718-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Carvalho","family":"Relva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Intervention in Education (CIIE), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.4.709","article-title":"Attachments beyond infancy","volume":"44","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o transcultural da escala de auto-estima para adolescentes","volume":"20","author":"Avanci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1032","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0832","article-title":"Sibling bullying and risk of depression, anxiety, and self-harm: A prospective cohort study","volume":"134","author":"Bowes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pedriatics"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bowlby, John (1982). Attachment and Loss: Attachment, Basic Books. [2nd ed.]. First published 1969."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bowlby, John (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Caspi, Jonathan (2012). Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cohen, Jacob (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000700","article-title":"Trouble in the nest: Antecedents of sibling bullying victimization and perpetration","volume":"55","author":"Dantchev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dunn, Judy, and Plomin, Robert (1990). Separate Lives: Why Siblings Are So Different, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"261","article-title":"Relacion entre n\u00edvel socioeconomico, apoyo social percibido, g\u00e9nero y depresion en ninos","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interdisciplinaria"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Fernandes, Ot\u00edlia Monteiro (2000). Fratria e Personalidade, Tese de doutoramento n\u00e3o publicada, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fernandes, Ot\u00edlia Monteiro (2002). Semelhan\u00e7as e Diferen\u00e7as Entre Irm\u00e3os, Climepsi Editores."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fernandes, Ot\u00edlia Monteiro (2005). Ser \u00fanico ou ser Irm\u00e3o, Oficina do Livro."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-166X2007000300001","article-title":"Position in the sibling dyad e personalidade","volume":"24","author":"Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estudos da Psicologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, Andy (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.53841\/bpspag.2005.1.56.31"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.006","article-title":"Kid\u2019s stuff: The nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children","volume":"30","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x","article-title":"Attachment formation and transfer in young adults\u2019 close relationships and romantic relationships","volume":"4","author":"Fraley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0871-0","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between sibling relational aggression and adolescent adjustment","volume":"47","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013689","article-title":"Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gentile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"799","article-title":"Vincula\u00e7\u00e3o no contexto familiar: Rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre c\u00f4njuges, entre pais e filhos adolescentes e entre irm\u00e3os","volume":"26","author":"Geraldes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(84)90072-3","article-title":"Child abuse by siblings","volume":"8","author":"Green","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"151","article-title":"Sex and the psychological tether","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances in Personal Relationships"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOFV.0000028078.71745.a2","article-title":"An integrated theoretical model of sibling violence and abuse","volume":"19","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514535095","article-title":"The normalization of sibling violence: Does gender and personal experience of violence influence perceptions of physical assault against siblings?","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.195","article-title":"Representations of attachment to parents in adolescent sibling pairs: Concordant or discordant?","volume":"2007","author":"Kiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kindlon, Dan, and Thompson, Michael (2000). Criando Caim. Proteger a vida Emocional dos Rapazes, Ambar."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x","article-title":"Sibling maltreatment: The forgotten abuse","volume":"85","author":"Kiselica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9367-3","article-title":"My brother\u2019s keeper: A contemporary examination of reported sibling violence using national level data, 2000\u20132005","volume":"26","author":"Krienert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05015-y","article-title":"Factors affecting sibling bullying and its association with self-esteem and depression in middle school students","volume":"182","author":"Laopratai","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Legato, Marianne (2009). Porque Morrem os Homens Primeiro?, Caleidosc\u00f3pio."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.07.001","article-title":"An understudied form of intra-family violence: Sibling-to-sibling aggression among foster children","volume":"11","author":"Linares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, Jo\u00e3o (2007). An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica com Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do SPSS, S\u00edlabo."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Home leaving to militar service: Attachment concerns, transfer of attachment functions from parents to peers, and adjustment","volume":"1","author":"Mayseless","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2001.0451","article-title":"Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Meeus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1348\/026151009X479402","article-title":"Bullying among siblings: The role of personality and relational variables","volume":"28","author":"Menesini","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.01.004","article-title":"Bullying in different contexts: Commonalities, differences and the role of theory","volume":"14","author":"Monks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mota, Catarina Pinheiro (2021). Crian\u00e7as, Jovens e Cuidadores no Acolhimento Residencial: A viv\u00eancia de quem Cuida e de quem quer ser Cuidado [Children, Young People and Caregivers in Residential Care: The Experience of Those Who Care and Those Who Want to Be Cared for], Edi\u00e7\u00f5es S\u00edlabo."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"357","article-title":"Adolesc\u00eancia e jovem adult\u00edcia: Crescimento pessoal, separa\u00e7\u00e3o-individua\u00e7\u00e3o e o jogo das rela\u00e7\u00f5es [Adolescence and young adulthood: Personal growth, separation-individuation and the game of relationships]","volume":"28","author":"Mota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.06.017","article-title":"Does sibling relationship matter to self-concept and resilience in institutionalized adolescents?","volume":"56","author":"Mota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child & Youth Service Review"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/13229400.2015.1106333","article-title":"Do sibling relationship protects adolescents in residential care and traditional families from developing of psychopathologies?","volume":"23","author":"Mota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Family Studies"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431604274174","article-title":"Parent and peer relations in middle childhood and early adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Nickerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallant, Julie (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows, Allen & Unwin. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003117407"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320109597883","article-title":"Gender differences in adolescent self-esteem: An exploration of domains","volume":"162","author":"Quatman","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Genetic Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-019-00600-3","article-title":"Sibling conflict and parental discipline: The mediating role of family communication in Portuguese adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Relva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"205","article-title":"Viol\u00eancia entre irm\u00e3os: Uma realidade desconhecida","volume":"46","author":"Relva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Interamericana de Psicologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9530-0","article-title":"Psychometric properties of revised conflict tactics scales: Portuguese sibling version (CTS2-SP)","volume":"28","author":"Relva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7153.201427221","article-title":"Estudo explorat\u00f3rio sobre a viol\u00eancia entre irm\u00e3os em Portugal","volume":"27","author":"Relva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psicologia Reflex\u00e3o e Escrita"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Rocha, Magda (2008). O Desenvolvimento de Rela\u00e7\u00f5es de Vincula\u00e7\u00e3o na Adolesc\u00eancia: Associa\u00e7\u00f5es Entre Contextos Relacionais com os Pais, Pares e par Amoroso. [Ph.D. dissertation, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, Morris (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-image, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2307\/2096350","article-title":"Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Rubia, Francisco (2007). El sexo del Cerebro, Ediciones Temas de Hoy."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"537","article-title":"Reputaci\u00f3n social y violencia relacional en adolescentes: El rol de la soledad, la self-esteem y la satisfacci\u00f3n vital","volume":"21","author":"Ruiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327795jra0803_1","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 perceptions of relationships with older sibling in the context of other close relationships","volume":"8","author":"Seginer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"63","article-title":"Diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero nos comportamentos de bullying: Contributos da neurobiologia","volume":"13","author":"Seixas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interac\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"101","article-title":"O auto-conceito","volume":"2","author":"Serra","year":"1988","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.7342\/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.8","article-title":"Bullying, vincula\u00e7\u00e3o e estilos educativos parentais em adolescentes do 3\u00ba ciclo do ensino b\u00e1sico","volume":"1","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Comportamental e Social"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502017002001","article-title":"Abuse by siblings and subsequent experiences of violence within the dating relationship","volume":"17","author":"Simonelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","article-title":"The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data","volume":"17","author":"Straus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21557","article-title":"Aggression between siblings: Associations with the home environment and peer bullying","volume":"41","author":"Tippett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-021-01495-z","article-title":"Sibling bullying: A prospective longitudinal study of associations with positive and negative mental health during adolescence","volume":"51","author":"Toseeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2011.00857.x","article-title":"Life events, sibling warmth, and youths\u2019 adjustment","volume":"73","author":"Waite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431619837382","article-title":"Predictors of sibling victimization and associations with self-perception and relationship attachment in adolescence","volume":"40","author":"Walters","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiehe, Vernon (1997). Sibling Abuse: Hidden Physical, Emotional and Sexual Trauma, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452232058"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00262-X","article-title":"Bullying in the family: Sibling bullying","volume":"2","author":"Wolke","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOYO.0000013425.86424.0f","article-title":"Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development","volume":"33","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/12\/11\/595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:16Z","timestamp":1760130736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/12\/11\/595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci12110595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci12110595","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}