{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:53:28Z","timestamp":1772679208731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon Europe HYBRIDS project","award":["101073351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073351"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe HYBRIDS project","award":["EP\/X036758\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X036758\/1"]}]},{"name":"Horizon Europe HYBRIDS project","award":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["101073351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073351"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["EP\/X036758\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X036758\/1"]}]},{"name":"European Union (EU)","award":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIDEHUS\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades da Universidade de \u00c9vora","award":["101073351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073351"]}]},{"name":"CIDEHUS\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades da Universidade de \u00c9vora","award":["EP\/X036758\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X036758\/1"]}]},{"name":"CIDEHUS\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades da Universidade de \u00c9vora","award":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Portuguese Science Foundation)","award":["101073351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073351"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Portuguese Science Foundation)","award":["EP\/X036758\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X036758\/1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Portuguese Science Foundation)","award":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00057\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines the influence of emotions on political polarization, looking at online propagation of conspiracy thinking by extreme right movements in Southern Europe. Integrating insights from psychology, political science, media studies, and system theory, we propose the \u2018polarization loop\u2019, a causal mechanism explaining the cyclical relationship between extreme messages, emotional engagement, media amplification, and societal polarization. We illustrate the utility of the polarization loop observing the use of the Great Replacement Theory by extreme right movements in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. We suggest possible options to mitigate the negative effects of online polarization in democracy, including public oversight of algorithmic decission-making, involving social science and humanities in algorithmic design, and strengthening resilience of citizenship to prevent emotional overflow. We encourage interdisciplinary research where historical analysis can guide computational methods such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), using Large Language Models fine-tunned consistently with political science research. Provided the intimate nature of emotions, the focus of connected research should remain on structural patterns rather than individual behavior, making it explicit that results derived from this research cannot be applied as the base for decisions, automated or not, that may affect individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci13110603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1730788248000},"page":"603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Polarization Loop: How Emotions Drive Propagation of Disinformation in Online Media\u2014The Case of Conspiracy Theories and Extreme Right Movements in Southern Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4757-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik Bran","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEHUS\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, n.\u00ba 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus M.","family":"Benitez-Baleato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Political Analysis Research Group (Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3ns Pol\u00edticas), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDEHUS\u2014Centro Interdisciplinar de Hist\u00f3ria, Culturas e Sociedades, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo do Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, n.\u00ba 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aaronovitch, David (2010). 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