{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:47:02Z","timestamp":1761709622166,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/SOC\/04011\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/SOC\/04011\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An ever-ongoing discussion these days involves the disparities in monthly earnings across different genders, geographical locations, levels of education, economic sectors, and skills and careers, with various economic and social consequences. In fact, in a framework such as that in which we live in nowadays (with pertinent concerns about economic and social convergences across several indicators), investigating these disparities would be interesting in order to complement the basis that is considered for the design of social policies. There are few studies considering the approaches here developed for this topic. The objective of this study is to analyse the disparities in the average monthly earnings received by employees across Portuguese mainland municipalities over the period 2004\u20132012, considering as additional analysis criteria geographical location, gender, levels of qualification, levels of education, economic sectors, professional activities, and further qualifications. For this both a cluster and factor analysis were considered to better identify municipalities with similar characteristics and correlations among variables. The results show that the disparities in the monthly average earnings between the Portuguese municipalities are related to three indexes associated with gender, qualifications, and chosen professions. The findings presented are specific to the Portuguese framework; however, the approaches developed in this study may be applied in other contexts to explore the dynamics related with the topic of social justice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8040125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T03:15:53Z","timestamp":1555902953000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social Justice: Disparities in Average Earnings across Portuguese Municipalities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"V\u00edtor Jo\u00e3o Pereira Domingues","family":"Martinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (IPV), Agricultural School (ESAV) and CI&amp;DETS, Viseu 3504-510, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies (CETRAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-1481-2013","article-title":"Social vulnerability assessment using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SEVI model) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI model)\u2014A case study for Bucharest, Romania","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Societal malaise and ethnocentrism in the European Union: monitoring societal change by focusing on EU citizens\u2019 perceptions of crisis","volume":"41","author":"Aschauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Historical Social Research"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SOCI.0000032341.14612.b8","article-title":"Socio-economic indexes in surveys for comparisons between countries","volume":"67","author":"Fortiana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"209","article-title":"Du pareil au m\u00eame? 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