{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:46:08Z","timestamp":1766515568758,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents and discusses a framework to promote older adults cognitive and emotional stimulation via Robotic Cognitive Games. The work is based on classic games for older adults, e.g., to place objects in pre-defined positions in an arena, where the authors introduce a robot in the games. The paper not only presents the robotic games, but also the methodology developed to properly introduce them to older adults in a nursing home. As such, the paper proposes three cognitive robotic games, a methodology to assess the success of its introduction to older adults, keeping in mind cognitive and emotional aspects. To validate the proposed robotic solution, experimental tests were performed in a nursing home. A prior cognitive and emotional test was done with older adults to have a ground truth to compare with after a batch of games was completed by each older adult. The results and their discussion validate the robotic games approach, and also the methodology used for its introduction in the nursing home.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8110298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T11:05:18Z","timestamp":1572001518000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Towards Older Adults Cognitive and Emotional Stimulation via Robotic Cognitive Games"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Ces\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Vila Velha de R\u00f3d\u00e3o, R. de Santana 654, 6030-230 Vila Velha de R\u00f3d\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av Empres\u00e1rio, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av Empres\u00e1rio, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa da Miseric\u00f3rdia de Vila Velha de R\u00f3d\u00e3o, R. de Santana 654, 6030-230 Vila Velha de R\u00f3d\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. S.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco, Av Empres\u00e1rio, 6000-767 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001129","article-title":"Comparison of the montreal cognitive assessment and the mini-mental state examination in detecting multi-domain mild cognitive impairment in a Chinese sub-sample drawn from a population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatric"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Firmino, Hor\u00e1cio, Sim\u00f5es, M\u00e1rio R., Pinho, Salom\u00e9 M., Cerejeira, J., and Martins, C. (2008). Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke\u2014Revisto (ACE-R), Vers\u00e3o Experimental Portuguesa Autorizada, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci\u00eancias da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o da Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3","article-title":"What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?","volume":"5","author":"Fouka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Science Journal"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.589374","article-title":"Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA): Normative study for the portuguese population","volume":"33","author":"Freitas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, Paulo J. S., Santos, F\u00e1bio, and Torres, Pedro (1, January July). Towards a low-cost framework for Intelligent Robots. Paper presented at the Sixth World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing (NaBIC), Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, Paulo J. S., Santos, Louren\u00e7o, Pereira, Cristina, Pinheira, V\u00edtor, Moreira, Maria Jo\u00e3o Guardado, and Silva, Sim\u00e3o (, January July). From traditional games to robotic games: Ethical issues with elders. Paper presented at the International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards (ICRES), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00861","article-title":"Understanding and resolving failures in human-robot interaction: Literature review and model development","volume":"9","author":"Honig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Joshi, Swapna, and \u0160abanovi\u0107, Selma (1, January August). A communal perspective on shared robots as social catalyst. Paper presented at the 26th International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1610","article-title":"The Addenbrooke\u2019s cognitive examination revised (ace-r): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening","volume":"21","author":"Mioshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The montreal cognitive assessment, moca: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.15405\/ejsbs.241","article-title":"A methodological approach to evaluate elderly\u2014Robot interactions","volume":"23","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"The European Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"ROS (2019, June 11). The Robot Operating System (ROS). Available online: http:\/\/www.ros.org\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"RQT (2019, June 11). Qt-Based Framework for GUI Development for ROS. Available online: http:\/\/wiki.ros.org\/rqt."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, M., Sousa, L., Firmino, H., Andrade, S., Ramalho, E., Martins, J., Martins, M., Ara\u00fajo, J., Noronha, J., and Pinho, M. (, January February). Geriatric depression scale (gds-30): Estudos de valida\u00e7\u00e3o em grupos de adultos idosos com decl\u00ednio cognitivo ligeiro e dem\u00eancia. Paper presented at VII Simp\u00f3sio Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Psicologia, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Psicologia e Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"SMACH (2019, June 11). The Task-Level Architecture Smach. Available online: http:\/\/wiki.ros.org\/smach."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/8\/11\/298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:26Z","timestamp":1760189366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/8\/11\/298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci8110298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci8110298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0760"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]}}}