{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:05:09Z","timestamp":1772971509555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]],"date-time":"2019-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of the study on the psychological impact of terrorist acts on ordinary people, the objective of this study is to understand if religious identity protects individuals from feeling concerned about the possibility of terrorist attacks. The study was based on a sample from the World Values Survey, wave 6 (2010\u20132014), of 30,446 citizens of countries whose dominant religion is Christianity. According to the concern felt regarding the possibility of becoming the target of a terrorist attack, a religious profile was identified. Most of the sample reported high levels of worry about terrorist attacks. The most religious respondents, more faithful and more devoted to religious practices, are more worried about the occurrence of terrorist attacks. Opposite to what is mostly found in the literature, religion does not act as a protective barrier to the primary objective of terrorism, which consists in the use of violence to create fear. People worried about the probability of becoming a target in terrorist attacks are also victims of terrorism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8110316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Who Is Concerned about Terrorist Attacks? A Religious Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Rua de Cam\u00f5es 60, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ramires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Europeia, Faculdade de Turismo e Hospitalidade, Rua Laura Ayres, 4, 1650-510 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alzira Pimenta","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder Fernando Pedrosa","family":"e Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics (DM. UTAD), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.12.006","article-title":"Religiosity and reactions to terrorism","volume":"51","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berko, Anat (2007). The Path to Paradise: The Inner World of Suicide Bombers and Their Dispatchers, Publishing Group.","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400695544"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bra\u00f1as-Garza, Pablo, Esp\u00edn, Antonio, and Neuman, Shoshana (2013). Effects of Religiosity on Social Behaviour: Experimental Evidence from a Representative Sample of Spaniards, CEPR.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2345600"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Caruso, Raul, and Locatelli, Andrea (2014). Understanding Terrorism: A Socio-Economic Perspective, Emerald Group Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen-Louck, Keren, and Levy, Inna (2018). Risk perception of a chronic threat of terrorism: Differences based on coping types, gender and exposure. International Journal of Psychology.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12552"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comer, Jonathan S. (2019). Media Literacy, Terrorism, and Fear. The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118978238.ieml0129"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2307\/3511418","article-title":"The dimensions of religiosity: A conceptual model with an empirical test","volume":"27","author":"Cornwall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Review of Religious Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/003776890037004004","article-title":"Believing without Belonging: Is This the Future of Religion in Britain?","volume":"37","author":"Davie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"The political economy of terrorism: A selective overview of recent work","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Political Economist"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Esteban, Joan Maria, Levy, Gilat, and Mayoral, Laura (2015). Liberty, Religiosity, and Effort, CEPR."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/19434472.2015.1062791","article-title":"Religion, ethnicity, social organizations and terrorists\u2019 behavior\u2014A case of Taliban movement in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Feyyaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507312292","article-title":"International terrorism and mental health: Recent research and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205282738","article-title":"Coping with terrorism: The impact of increased salience of terrorism on mood and self-efficacy of intrinsically religious and nonreligious people","volume":"32","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.10.004","article-title":"Terror salience and punishment: Does terror salience induce threat to social order?","volume":"43","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1348\/014466610X499668","article-title":"Selective exposure to information: How different modes of decision making affect subsequent confirmatory information processing","volume":"49","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510369137","article-title":"The meaning of collective terrorist threat: Understanding the subjective causes of terrorism reduces its negative psychological impact","volume":"26","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanagan, Kieran, and Davie, Grace (1995). Religion in Britain Since 1945. Believing without Belonging. The British Journal of Sociology, 46.","DOI":"10.2307\/591583"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1303_04","article-title":"TARGET ARTICLE: Explaining the Relationships between Religious Involvement and Health","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haner, Murat, Sloan, Melissa M., Cullen, Francis T., Kulig, Teresa C., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero (2019). Public Concern about Terrorism: Fear, Worry, and Support for Anti-Muslim Policies. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5.","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119856825"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/10576109508435985","article-title":"\u201cHoly terror\u201d: The implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative","volume":"18","author":"Hoffman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Studies in Conflict & Terrorism"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/19434472.2011.594620","article-title":"Interviewing the terrorists: Reflections on fieldwork and implications for psychological research","volume":"4","author":"Horgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2005.00144.x","article-title":"Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies","volume":"49","author":"Huddy","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102612-133951","article-title":"The political psychology of counterterrorism","volume":"9","author":"Huq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Law and Social Science"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"IEP (2016). Global Terrorism Index 2016: Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism, Institute for Economics & Peace."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.49.204.146","article-title":"The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. Being the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion, delivered at Edinburgh in 1901\u20131902 by William James, LL. D., etc. London, 1902: Longmans. Royal octavo, pp. 534","volume":"49","author":"Ireland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Jamal, Muhammad Ahsan (2016, July 15). What Went Wrong in the War on Terrorism in Afghanistan?. Available online: www.academia.edu\/17777394\/What_Went_Wrong_in_the_War_on_Terrorism_in_Afghanistan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferis, Jennifer L. (2009). Religion and Political Violence: Sacred Protest in the Modern World, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203869185"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2014.42.7.1221","article-title":"Nonbelievers\u2019 Beliefs About Religion in China","volume":"42","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.3.553","article-title":"Terror management and religion: evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience","volume":"91","author":"Jonas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Jong, Jonathan, and Halberstadt, Jamin (2016). Death Anxiety and Religious Belief: An Existential Psychology of Religion, Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20209","article-title":"The intergenerational effects of trauma from terror: A real possibility","volume":"30","author":"Kaitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infant Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2011.01578.x","article-title":"In the Face of Terrorism: Evidence that Belief in Literal Immortality Reduces Prejudice Under Terrorism Threat","volume":"50","author":"Greitemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12234","article-title":"Terrorist threat and employees\u2019 perceived ability to cope with organizational change","volume":"44","author":"Aydin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2011.587064","article-title":"The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence","volume":"23","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"550","article-title":"Religion and terrorism: A socio-historical re-consideration","volume":"2","author":"Kingsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2015.1038523","article-title":"Culture and Terrorism: The Role of Cultural Factors in Worldwide Terrorism (1970\u20132013)","volume":"29","author":"Kluch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Kosmin, Barry A., Keysar, Ariela, Cragun, Ryan, and Navarro-Rivera, Juhem (2009). American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population, a Report Based on the American Religious Identification Survey 2008, Trinity College."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can religiosity be measured? Dimensions of religious commitment: Theories revisited","volume":"9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Uluda\u011f \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614563108","article-title":"Anticipating divine protection? Reminders of god can increase nonmoral risk taking","volume":"26","author":"Kupor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laqueur, Walter (2017). A History of Terrorism, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315083483"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Leonhard, Robert R. (2005). The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terror, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.1.146","article-title":"Fear, anger, and risk","volume":"81","author":"Lerner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.01433","article-title":"Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: a national field experiment","volume":"14","author":"Lerner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"93","article-title":"The prosocial impact of God concept priming on God believers","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2015.1091695","article-title":"Diverse Cognitive Profiles of Religious Believers and Nonbelievers","volume":"26","author":"Lindeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.021","article-title":"Truck attack: Fear of ISIS and reminder of truck attacks in Europe as associated with psychological distress and PTSD symptoms","volume":"267","author":"Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusitz, Jonathan (2013). Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071934135"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/09546550802073367","article-title":"Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways toward Terrorism","volume":"20","author":"McCauley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02726426","article-title":"Consumer religiosity and retail store evaluative criteria","volume":"18","author":"McDaniel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of marketing Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Midlarsky, Manus I. (2011). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511975868"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"63","article-title":"It\u2019s about the group, not God: Social causes and cures for terrorism","volume":"2015","author":"Mink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal for Deradicalization"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768618772969","article-title":"Shifts in religiosity across cohorts in Europe: A multilevel and multidimensional analysis based on the European Values Study","volume":"65","author":"Molteni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Compass"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205280251","article-title":"Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death","volume":"32","author":"Norenzayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, Joanne, and Palmer, Martin (2000). Atlas del Estado de las Religions, Ediciones AKAL. [Atlas of the state of religions]."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"O\u2019Dea, Thomas F., and Aviad, Janet O\u2019Dea (1983). The Sociology of Religion, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oksanen, Atte, Kaakinen, Markus, Minkkinen, Jaana, R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, Pekka, Enjolras, Bernard, and Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2018). Perceived Societal Fear and Cyberhate after the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2018.1442329"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1353\/sais.0.0059","article-title":"Fighting Radicalism, Not \u201cTerrorism\u201d: Root Causes of an International Actor Redefined","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"SAIS Review of International Affairs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153039","article-title":"Atheists and Agnostics Are More Reflective than Religious Believers: Four Empirical Studies and a Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Pennycook","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/isq\/sqv010","article-title":"The Gap Between Participation and Violence: Why We Need to Disaggregate Terrorist \u2018Profiles\u2019","volume":"60","author":"Perliger","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Pew Research Center\u2019s Forum on Religion & Public Life (2012). The Global Religious Landscape. A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World\u2019s Major Religious Groups as of 2010, Pew Research Center."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19434472.2014.977328","article-title":"Subcultures, violent radicalization and terrorism","volume":"7","author":"Pisoiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.1.13","article-title":"The psychology of suicide terrorism","volume":"72","author":"Post","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20391","article-title":"Finding social benefits after a collective trauma: Perceiving societal changes and well-being following 9\/11","volume":"22","author":"Poulin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapoport, David C. (2013). Inside Terrorist Organizations, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315040004"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2015). Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315701189"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/19434472.2012.760104","article-title":"Perceived impact of terrorism and the role of the media: Representations by Italian citizens differing in political orientation and need for closure","volume":"6","author":"Sensales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00271.x","article-title":"Optimism and fundamentalism","volume":"4","author":"Sethi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2015.1090262","article-title":"Unconventional Views of Terrorism: Culture, Objectives, and the Future","volume":"27","author":"Shaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039048","article-title":"Divergent effects of beliefs in heaven and hell on national crime rates","volume":"7","author":"Shariff","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X16658472","article-title":"Does Fear of Terrorism Differ from Fear of Crime and Sexual Assault: A Question of Geographical Location and Residential Area","volume":"62","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5906.00133","article-title":"Physiology and Faith: Addressing the \u201cUniversal\u201d Gender Difference in Religious Commitment","volume":"41","author":"Stark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"START (2016). Global Terrorism Database. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, START."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0203-1","article-title":"What Mediates the Relationship between Religious Service Attendance and Aspects of Well-Being?","volume":"56","author":"Steffen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1516\/EY30-319C-5DLJ-VCL3","article-title":"Psychoanalytic controversies: The relevance of psychoanalysis to an understanding of terrorism","volume":"86","author":"Twemlow","year":"2005","journal-title":"The International Journal of Psychoanalysis"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.3.709","article-title":"Searching for and finding meaning in collective trauma: results from a national longitudinal study of the 9\/11 terrorist attacks","volume":"95","author":"Updegraff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcn044","article-title":"The Rise and Fall of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Voas","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.15195\/v5.a29","article-title":"Even Intense Religiosity Is Declining in the United States: Comment","volume":"5","author":"Voas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociological Science"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Walsh, James Igoe (2010). Media attention to terrorist attacks: Causes and consequences. Institute for Homeland Security Solutions, Research Brief, 1\u201315."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"4","article-title":"Living with terror, not living in terror: The impact of chronic terrorism on Israeli society","volume":"5","author":"Waxman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspectives on Terrorism"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17440572.2019.1569519","article-title":"Fear of terrorism: media exposure and subjective fear of attack","volume":"20","author":"Williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Crime"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"World Values Survey (2016). Wave 6. Official Aggregate v.20150418. World Values Survey Association, Aggregate File Producer, Asep\/JDS, SPAIN. Available online: www.worldvaluessurvey.org."}],"container-title":["Social Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/8\/11\/316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:35:03Z","timestamp":1760189703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0760\/8\/11\/316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["socsci8110316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci8110316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]}}}