{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:00:39Z","timestamp":1760144439821,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK 1001 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"TUBITAK 1002 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116Z294","121Z110","UI0313B\/QUI\/2020","UI0313P\/QUI\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spectroscopy Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition, impacting approximately 10% of children globally. A significant proportion, around 30\u201350%, of those diagnosed during childhood continue to manifest ADHD symptoms into adulthood, with 2\u20135% of adults experiencing the condition. The existing diagnostic framework for ADHD relies on clinical assessments and interviews conducted by healthcare professionals. This diagnostic process is complicated by the disorder\u2019s overlap in symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly bipolar disorder during its manic phase, adding complexity to achieving accurate and timely diagnoses. Despite extensive efforts to identify reliable biomarkers that could enhance the clinical diagnosis, this objective remains elusive. In this study, Raman spectroscopy, combined with multivariate statistical methods, was employed to construct a model based on the analysis of blood serum samples. The developed partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model demonstrated an ability to differentiate between individuals with ADHD, healthy individuals, and those diagnosed with bipolar disorder in the manic phase, with a total accuracy of 97.4%. The innovative approach in this model involves utilizing the entire Raman spectrum, within the 450\u20131720 cm\u22121 range, as a comprehensive representation of the biochemical blood serum setting, thus serving as a holistic spectroscopic biomarker. This method circumvents the necessity to pinpoint specific chemical substances associated with the disorders, eliminating the reliance on specific molecular biomarkers. Moreover, the developed model relies on a sensitive and reliable technique that is cost-effective and rapid, presenting itself as a promising complementary diagnostic tool for clinical settings. The potential for Raman spectroscopy to contribute to the diagnostic process suggests a step forward in addressing the challenges associated with accurately identifying and distinguishing ADHD from other related conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/spectroscj2020004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T09:16:33Z","timestamp":1713258993000},"page":"53-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5151-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem Yavuz","family":"Dogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, 31134 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Gokhan","family":"Halimoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, 31134 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5127-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilara","family":"Kaplanoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut Mert","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Ayd\u0131n University, 34310 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Kandeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Elbistan State Hospital, 46300 Kahramanmaras, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Sehban","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Istanbul University, 31134 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8264-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Fausto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulce Ogruc","family":"Ildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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