{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:18:02Z","timestamp":1771658282589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Football players\u2019 decision-making behaviours near the scoring target (finishing situations) emerge from the evolving spatiotemporal information directly perceived in the game\u2019s landscape. In finishing situations, the ball carrier\u2019s decision-making about shooting or passing is not an individual decision-making process, but a collective decision that is guided by players\u2019 perceptions of match affordances. To sustain this idea, we collected spatiotemporal information and built a model to quantify the \u201cFinishing Space Value\u201d (FSV) that results from players\u2019 perceived affordances about two main questions: (a) is the opponent\u2019s target successfully reachable from a given pitch location?; and (b) from each given pitch location, the opposition context will allow enough space to shoot (low adversaries\u2019 interference)? The FSV was calculated with positional data from high-performance football matches, combining information extracted from Voronoi diagrams (VD) with distances and angles to the goal line. FSV was tested using as a reference the opinion of a \u201cpanel of expert\u201d (PE), composed by football coaches, about a questionnaire presenting 50 finishing situations. Results showed a strong association between the subjective perception scale used by the PE to assess how probable a shot made by the ball carrier could result in a goal and FSV calculated for that same situation (R2=0.6706). Moreover, we demonstrate the accuracy of the FSV quantification model in predicting coaches\u2019 opinions about what should be the \u201cbest option\u201d to finish the play. Overall, results indicated that the FSV is a promising model to capture the affordances of the shooting circumstances for the ball carrier\u2019s decision-making in high-performance football. FSV might be useful for more precise match analysis and informing coaches in the design of representative practice tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12080208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Finishing Space Value for Shooting Decision-Making in High-Performance Football"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui J.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE-Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinis","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ferreira, A. (2013). From game momentum to criticality of game situations. Routledge Handbook of Sports Performance Analysis, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Around the goal: Examining the effect of the first goal on the second goal in soccer using survival analysis methods","volume":"9","author":"Nevo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Anal. Sport."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"218","article-title":"Goal scoring in elite male football: A systematic review","volume":"218","author":"Pratas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Thorpe, R., Bunker, D., and Almond, L. (1986). Rethinking Games Teaching, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"97","article-title":"Space definition for match analysis in soccer","volume":"6","author":"Seabra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2001.11868248","article-title":"Qualitative observation tools to analyse soccer","volume":"1","author":"Mahut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Teodorescu, L. (1984). Problemas de Teoria e Metodologia Nos Jogos Desportivos, Horizonte."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X010030100056","article-title":"Eco-Dynamics Approach to the study of Team Sports Performance","volume":"3","author":"Travassos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Sport. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5628\/rpcd.09.01.81","article-title":"Trends of tactical performance analysis in team sports: Bridging the gap between research, training and competition","volume":"9","author":"Garganta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Ci\u00caNcias Desporto"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.07.002","article-title":"The ecological dynamics of decision making in sport","volume":"7","author":"Davids","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gibson, J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Mifflin and Company."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Jordana, L., Milho, J., Ric, \u00c1., Silva, R., and Passos, P. (2019). Landscapes of passing opportunities in Football\u2014Where they are and for how long are available?. Bar\u00e7a Sports Analytics Summit, Bar\u00e7a Innovation Hub. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"79","article-title":"Information, affordances, and the control of action in sport","volume":"40","author":"Fajen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D., Ramos, J., and Lopes, R. (2016). Shared affordances guide interpersonal synergies in sport teams. Interpersonal Coordination and Performance in Social Systems, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"What exactly is acquired during skill acquisition?","volume":"18","author":"Davids","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2017.1349826","article-title":"Ecological cognition: Expert decision-making behaviour in sport","volume":"12","author":"Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0070-9","article-title":"Shared knowledge or shared affordances? Insights from an ecological dynamics approach to team coordination in sports","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"19","article-title":"Affordance-based decisions guide team synergies during match performance","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Phys. Educ. Sport Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D., and Davids, K. (2016). Team synergies in sport: Theory and measures. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01449"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrilho, D., Couceiro, M.S., Brito, J., Figueiredo, P., Lopes, R.J., and Ara\u00fajo, D. (2020). Using optical tracking system data to measure team synergic behavior: Synchronization of player-ball-goal angles in a football match. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174990"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"24","article-title":"Team decision-making behavior: An ecological dynamics approach","volume":"3","author":"Brito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.04.002","article-title":"Action and perception at the level of synergies","volume":"26","author":"Turvey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, D., Dicks, M., and Davids, K. (2019). Selecting among Affordances: A Basis for Channeling Expertise in Sport. Handbook of Embodied Cognition and Sport Psychology, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10764.003.0031"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00256-9","article-title":"Training or Synergizing? Complex Systems Principles Change the Understanding of Sport Processes","volume":"6","author":"Pol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport. Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilera, M., and Heras-escribano, M. (2019). Quantifying affordances through information theory. Artificial Life Conference Proceedings, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00136"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2014.874923","article-title":"Affordances as Probabilistic Functions: Implications for Development, Perception, and Decisions for Action","volume":"26","author":"Franchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passos, P., Ara\u00fajo, D., and Davids, K. (2016). Competitiveness and the process of co-adaptation in team sport performance. Front. Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01562"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"50","article-title":"Estimating the probability of a shot resulting in a goal: The effects of distance, angle and space","volume":"2","author":"Pollard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Soccer Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link, D., Lang, S., and Seidenschwarz, P. (2016). Real time quantification of dangerousity in football using spatiotemporal tracking data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168768"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Eggels, H. (2016). Expected Goals in Soccer: Explaining Match Results using Predictive Analytics. [Ph.D. Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2017.12.Proc2.05","article-title":"An examination of expected goals and shot efficiency in soccer","volume":"12","author":"Rathke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Spearman, W. (2018, January 23\u201324). Beyond Expected Goals. Proceedings of the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pardo, P. (2020). Creating a Model for Expected Goals in Football using Qualitative Player Information. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Rowlinson, A. (2020). Football Shot Quality: Visualizing the Quality of Soccer\/Football Shots. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Aalto University School of Business]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzer, G., and Bauer, P. (2021). A Goal Scoring Probability Model for Shots Based on Synchronized Positional and Event Data in Football (Soccer). Front. Sport. Act. Living, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.624475"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavus, M., and Biecek, P. (2022). Explainable expected goal models for performance. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA54385.2022.10032440"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Bornn, L., and Cervone, D. (2019). Decomposing the Immeasurable Sport: A deep learning expected possession value framework for soccer. MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-05989-6","article-title":"A framework for the fine\u2014Grained evaluation of the instantaneous expected value of soccer possessions","volume":"110","author":"Bornn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2016.1141685","article-title":"A Multiresolution Stochastic Process Model for Predicting Basketball Possession Outcomes","volume":"111","author":"Cervone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97537-4","article-title":"Football player dominant region determined by a novel model based on instantaneous kinematics variables","volume":"11","author":"Caetano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2003.9671728","article-title":"Decision making in sports: Influence of complexity on implicit and explicit learning","volume":"1","author":"Raab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link, D., and Hoernig, M. (2017). Individual ball possession in soccer. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179953"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mateus, J. (2003, January 11\u201315). In pursuit of an ecological and fractal approach to soccer coaching. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Science and Football Science and Football, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2006.11868359","article-title":"Validation of Prozone \u00ae: A new video-based performance analysis system","volume":"6","author":"Collins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.15388\/NA.2004.9.3.15154","article-title":"Voronoi Analysis of a Soccer Game","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/026404197367416","article-title":"Dynamic-system analysis of opponent relationships in collective actions in soccer","volume":"15","author":"Bouthier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12787","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12787","article-title":"Beyond Dyadic Coordination: Multimodal Behavioral Irregularity in Triads Predicts Facets of Collaborative Problem Solving","volume":"43","author":"Amon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fchn, S., Ober, P., Mathes, T., Wegewitz, U., Jacobs, A., and Pieper, D. (2021). Measuring test-retest reliability (TRR) of AMSTAR provides moderate to perfect agreement\u2014A contribution to the discussion of the importance of TRR in relation to the psychometric properties of assessment tools. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01231-y"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hughes, C. (1990). The Winning Formula, Collins."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Queiroz, C. (1986). Estrutura e Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos Exerc\u00edcios em Futebol, Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"40","article-title":"Abordagem Sist\u00eamica Do Jogo De Futebol: Moda Ou Necessidade?","volume":"5","author":"Garganta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. (ESEFID\/UFRGS)"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"94","article-title":"Harnessing Socio-cultural Constraints on Athlete Development to Create a Form of Life","volume":"1","author":"Rothwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Expert."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2013.784722","article-title":"Do coaches orchestrate? the working practices of elite portuguese coaches","volume":"84","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Efthimiou, C.J. (2021). The Voronoi Diagram in Soccer: A theoretical study to measure dominance space. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Taki, T., and Hasegawa, J. (2000, January 19\u201324). Visualization of dominant region in team games and its application to teamwork analysis. Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International Conference (CGI), Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.07.010","article-title":"\u201cWhich pass is better?\u201d Novel approaches to assess passing effectiveness in elite soccer","volume":"55","author":"Rein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"55","article-title":"A Department of Methodology Can Coordinate Transdisciplinary Sport Science Support","volume":"3","author":"Rothwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Expert."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.26.3.365","article-title":"\"An Eye for Talent\": Talent Identification and the \u201cPractical Sense\u201d of Top-Level Soccer Coaches","volume":"26","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol. Sport J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3054132","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of team sports","volume":"50","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512517692904","article-title":"A Study of Relationships among Technical, Tactical, Physical Parameters and Final Outcomes in Elite Soccer Matches as Analyzed by a Semiautomatic Video Tracking System","volume":"124","author":"Filetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2018.01146.x","article-title":"Soccer analytics: Unravelling the complexity of \u201cthe beautiful game\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Bornn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Significance"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"506","article-title":"Representative task designs for the study of perception and action in sport","volume":"40","author":"Dicks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.640706","article-title":"Proximity-to-goal as a constraint on patterns of behaviour in attacker\u2013defender dyads in team games","volume":"30","author":"Headrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/12\/8\/208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:26:25Z","timestamp":1760109985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/12\/8\/208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sports12080208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports12080208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4663","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]}}}