{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:27:05Z","timestamp":1778858825858,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through the FCT Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the FCT Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC-CIEQV)","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC-CIEQV)","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT\u2014Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Centre","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SPRINT\u2014Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Centre","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Well-being (Livewell)","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Centre for Active Living and Well-being (Livewell)","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Bragan\u00e7a","award":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CED\/04748\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Bragan\u00e7a","award":["UIDB04045\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB04045\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Football performance results from the dynamic interaction between physical, tactical, technical, and psychological dimensions\u2014each of which also influences player well-being, recovery, and readiness. However, integrated monitoring approaches remain scarce, particularly in youth and sub-elite contexts. This systematic review screened 341 records from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with 46 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (n = 1763 players; age range: 13.2\u201328.7 years). Physical external load was reported in 44 studies using GPS-derived metrics such as total distance and high-speed running, while internal load was examined in 36 studies through session-RPE (rate of perceived exertion \u00d7 duration), heart rate zones, training impulse (TRIMP), and Player Load (PL). A total of 22 studies included well-being indicators capturing fatigue, sleep quality, stress levels, and muscle soreness, through tools such as the Hooper Index (HI), the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale, and various Likert-type or composite wellness scores. Tactical behaviours (n = 15) were derived from positional tracking systems, while technical performance (n = 7) was assessed using metrics like pass accuracy and expected goals, typically obtained from Wyscout\u00ae or TRACAB\u00ae (a multi-camera optical tracking system). Only five studies employed multivariate models to examine interactions between performance domains or to predict well-being outcomes. Most remained observational, relying on descriptive analyses and examining each domain in isolation. These findings reveal a fragmented approach to player monitoring and a lack of conceptual integration between physical, psychological, tactical, and technical indicators. Future research should prioritise multidimensional, standardised monitoring frameworks that combine contextual, psychophysiological, and performance data to improve applied decision-making and support player health, particularly in sub-elite and youth populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13080244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1753454402000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Shaping Training Load, Technical\u2013Tactical Behaviour, and Well-Being in Football: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1077-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Afonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LiveWell\u2014Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LiveWell\u2014Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-252 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9000-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Branquinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), 2001-964 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7530-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Domingos","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic of C\u00e1vado and Ave, 4750-810 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"SPRINT\u2014Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13040310","article-title":"Tactical Knowledge by Decision Making and Motor Efficiency of Young Football Players in Different Playing Positions during a Three-a-Side Small-Sided Game","volume":"13","author":"Moreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0851-7","article-title":"Talent Identification and Development in Male Football: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Sarmento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.46642\/efd.v27i289.2092","article-title":"Efeito da manipula\u00e7\u00e3o do ambiente de treino no tempo de execu\u00e7\u00e3o das a\u00e7\u00f5es de t\u00e9cnicas de futebolistas","volume":"27","author":"Grandim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lect. Educ. F\u00edsica Y Deportes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0358-z","article-title":"Stress, Sleep and Recovery in Elite Soccer: A Critical Review of the Literature","volume":"45","author":"Halson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0433","article-title":"Are Current Physical Match Performance Metrics in Elite Soccer Fit for Purpose or Is the Adoption of an Integrated Approach Needed?","volume":"13","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097298","article-title":"The athlete monitoring cycle: A practical guide to interpreting and applying training monitoring data","volume":"51","author":"Gabbett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exel, J., and Dabnichki, P. (2024). Precision Sports Science: What Is Next for Data Analytics for Athlete Performance and Well-Being Optimization?. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14083361"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateus, N., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Felipe, J.L., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, J., Garcia-Unanue, J., Weldon, A., and Sampaio, J. (2021). In-season training responses and perceived wellbeing and recovery status in professional soccer players. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254655"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1081393","article-title":"Perceptions of well-being and physical performance in English elite youth footballers across a season","volume":"33","author":"Noon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01458-1","article-title":"Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review","volume":"51","author":"Randell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092215","article-title":"Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: An 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study","volume":"47","author":"Magnusson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A.J., Barbosa, T.M., and Monteiro, A.M. (2021). Quantifying Sub-Elite Youth Football Weekly Training Load and Recovery Variation. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114871"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Leal, M., Ferraz, R., Ribeiro, J., Cachada, J.M., Barbosa, T.M., Monteiro, A.M., and Forte, P. (2021). Effects of Match Location, Quality of Opposition and Match Outcome on Match Running Performance in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23080973"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096040","article-title":"How do training and competition workloads relate to injury? The workload\u2014Injury aetiology model","volume":"51","author":"Windt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0331","article-title":"Training Load and Player Monitoring in High-Level Football: Current Practice and Perceptions","volume":"11","author":"Akenhead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A.J., Barbosa, T.M., and Monteiro, A.M. (2021). Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083906"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobari, H., Alves, A.R., Haghighi, H., Clemente, F.M., Carlos-Vivas, J., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, J., and Ardig\u00f2, L.P. (2021). Association between Training Load and Well-Being Measures in Young Soccer Players during a Season. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094451"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: The effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise","volume":"45","author":"Fullagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002816","article-title":"Quantification of a Professional Football Team\u2019s External Load Using a Microcycle Structure","volume":"32","author":"Bradley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096581","article-title":"How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury","volume":"50","author":"Soligard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel, M., Oliveira, R., Loureiro, N., Garc\u00eda-Rubio, J., and Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, S.J. (2021). Load Measures in Training\/Match Monitoring in Soccer: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052721"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2019.1686703","article-title":"Methods to collect and interpret external training load using microtechnology incorporating GPS in professional football: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Rago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211000328","article-title":"Quantification of training and match-play load across a season in professional youth football players","volume":"16","author":"Maughan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rav\u00e9, G., Granacher, U., Boullosa, D., Hackney, A.C., and Zouhal, H. (2020). How to Use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Data to Monitor Training Load in the \u201cReal World\u201d of Elite Soccer. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00944"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001343","article-title":"Examining the External Training Load of an English Premier League Football Team With Special Reference to Acceleration","volume":"30","author":"Akenhead","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2017.1330550","article-title":"Accelerometer load: A new way to measure fatigue during repeated sprint training?","volume":"1","author":"Akenhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Footb."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2022.2053337","article-title":"Time to change direction in training load monitoring in elite football? The application of MEMS accelerometers for the evaluation of movement requirements","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Footb."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001093","article-title":"GPS and Injury Prevention in Professional Soccer","volume":"30","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199520050-00003","article-title":"Monitoring Overtraining in Athletes","volume":"20","author":"Hooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826010-00001","article-title":"Overtraining and Recovery: A conceptual model","volume":"26","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erap.2020.100603","article-title":"Effect of an intensified training period on well-being indices, recovery and psychological aspects in professional soccer players","volume":"70","author":"Selmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003228","article-title":"Influence of Well-Being Indices and Recovery State on the Technical and Physiological Aspects of Play During Small-Sided Games","volume":"35","author":"Selmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2016.1239579","article-title":"Relationship between daily training load and psychometric status of professional soccer players","volume":"24","author":"Moalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2461932","article-title":"Subjective recovery in professional soccer players: A machine learning and mediation approach","volume":"43","author":"Simonelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Branquinho, L., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Silva, A.J., Barbosa, T.M., Monteiro, A.M., and Forte, P. (2022). Weekly Training Load across a Standard Microcycle in a Sub-Elite Youth Football Academy: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811611"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"136","article-title":"Relationship between tactical and technical performance in youth soccer players","volume":"17","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cineantropom Desempenho Hum."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2955-1","article-title":"Tactical expertise assessment in youth football using representative tasks","volume":"5","author":"Clemente","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora, S., Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, L.M., and Contreras-Jord\u00e1n, O.R. (2025, May 09). Ecision Making And Skill Development in Youth Football Players|EBSCOhost. 2015; Volume 15, p. 467. Available online: https:\/\/openurl.ebsco.com\/contentitem\/doi:10.15366%2Frimcafd2015.59.005?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:doi:10.15366%2Frimcafd2015.59.005."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2020.1868618","article-title":"Implementing a pressure training program to improve decision-making and execution of skill among premier league academy soccer players","volume":"34","author":"Kent","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840701836867","article-title":"Expertise and expert performance in sport","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"69","article-title":"Sistema de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e1ctica no Futebol (FUT-SAT): Desenvolvimento e valida\u00e7\u00e3o preliminar","volume":"7","author":"Garganta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Motricidade"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, B., Coutinho, D., Santos, S., Lago-Penas, C., Jim\u00e9nez, S., and Sampaio, J. (2017). Exploring Team Passing Networks and Player Movement Dynamics in Youth Association Football. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171156"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dambroz, F., Clemente, F.M., and Teoldo, I. (2022). The effect of physical fatigue on the performance of soccer players: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270099"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-01048-8","article-title":"Match Running Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Carling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.11.003","article-title":"Physical exercises for preventing injuries among adult male football players: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Adsuar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"30","article-title":"Psychological aspects of soccer and futsal players: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Suma Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Grimson, S. (2023). An interdisciplinary monitoring approach to understanding health and performance in English Premier League Soccer players. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Brighton]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1533-2110","article-title":"Influence of the Weekly and Match-play Load on Muscle Injury in Professional Football Players","volume":"43","author":"Toscano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rago, V., Brito, J., Figueiredo, P., Krustrup, P., and Rebelo, A. (2019). Relationship between External Load and Perceptual Responses to Training in Professional Football: Effects of Quantification Method. Sports, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7030068"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Alves, A.R., Ferraz, R., Forte, P., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A.J., Barbosa, T.M., and Monteiro, A.M. (2022). Effects of Chronological Age, Relative Age, and Maturation Status on Accumulated Training Load and Perceived Exertion in Young Sub-Elite Football Players. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.832202"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobari, H., Gholizadeh, R., Martins, A.D., Badicu, G., and Oliveira, R. (2022). In-Season Quantification and Relationship of External and Internal Intensity, Sleep Quality, and Psychological or Physical Stressors of Semi-Professional Soccer Players. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030467"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Castillo, \u00cd.M., Rueda, R., Bouzamondo, H., L\u00f3pez-Chicharro, J., and Mihic, N. (2023). Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1167449"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2012-0347","article-title":"Integrating the internal and external training loads in soccer","volume":"9","author":"Akubat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.09.008","article-title":"Associations between wellness and internal and external load variables in two intermittent small-sided soccer games","volume":"197","author":"Clemente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, L., Clemente, F.M., Barrera, J.I., Sarmento, H., Pra\u00e7a, G.M., de Andrade, A.G.P., Figueiredo, A.J., Silva, R., Silva, A.F., and Carral, J.M.C. (2021). Associations between Physical Status and Training Load in Women Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910015"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.89890","article-title":"Training Load and Current Soreness Predict Future Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Female Soccer Athletes","volume":"18","author":"Pexa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Parr, J. (2020). Growth and Maturation in Elite Youth Soccer Players. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University]. Available online: https:\/\/e-space.mmu.ac.uk\/628342\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Salter, J. (2022). Training load dose-responses in adolescent male football: The importance of biological maturation. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Gloucestershire]. Available online: https:\/\/eprints.glos.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/12896."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"463","article-title":"Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in sports science","volume":"39","author":"Clemente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.006","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors and psychological prevention of soccer injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Slimani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"458","article-title":"Methodological quality checklist for studies based on observational methodology (MQCOM)","volume":"31","author":"Anguera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","article-title":"Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale","volume":"66","author":"Cashin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-00604-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group\u2019s systematic review priority-setting project","volume":"18","author":"Synnot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0387","article-title":"Physical and Mental Fatigue Reduce Psychomotor Vigilance in Professional Football Players","volume":"17","author":"Angius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, I., Johansen, D., Figueiredo, P., Rebelo, A., and Pettersen, S.A. (2019). Positional Differences in Peak- and Accumulated- Training Load Relative to Match Load in Elite Football. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8010001"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17103","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17103","article-title":"The effect of complex contrast training with different training frequency on the physical performance of youth soccer players: A randomized study","volume":"12","author":"Wilk","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmura, P., Konefa\u0142, M., Wong, D.P., Figueiredo, A.J., Kowalczuk, E., Rokita, A., Chmura, J., and Andrzejewski, M. (2019). Players\u2019 Physical Performance Decreased After Two-Thirds of the Season: Results of 3 Consecutive Seasons in the German First Bundesliga. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16112044"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541241292765","article-title":"How do young soccer players train? A 5-year analysis of weekly microcycle training load characteristics in an elite youth academy","volume":"20","author":"Connolly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1022575","article-title":"Typical weekly workload of under 15, under 17, and under 19 elite Portuguese football players","volume":"33","author":"Coutinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.133668","article-title":"Weekly external load distribution in football teams of different competitive levels","volume":"41","author":"Coutinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Seradilla, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Marroyo, J.A., Castillo, D., Raya-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., and Vicente, J.G.V. (2022). Inter- and intra-microcycle external load analysis in female professional soccer players: A playing position approach. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264908"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0245.21","article-title":"Monitoring Postmatch Fatigue During a Competitive Season in Elite Youth Soccer Players","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, R., Ceylan, H.\u0130., Clemente, F.M., Brito, J.P., Martins, A.D., Nobari, H., Reis, V.M., and Oliveira, R. (2022). In-Season Microcycle Quantification of Professional Women Soccer Players\u2014External, Internal and Wellness Measures. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10040695"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2016.1222278","article-title":"Changes of the psychophysical state and feeling of wellness of professional soccer players during pre-season and in-season periods","volume":"24","author":"Fessi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forcher, L., Forcher, L., W\u00e4sche, H., Jekauc, D., Woll, A., Gross, T., and Altmann, S. (2023). Is ball-possession style more physically demanding than counter-attacking? The influence of playing style on match performance in professional soccer. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1197039"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.132992","article-title":"Characterizing microcycles\u2019 workload when combining two days structure within single training sessions during congested fixtures in an elite male soccer team","volume":"41","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda, J., and Romero-Moraleda, B. (2024). The Impact of a Congested Competition Schedule on Load, Recovery, and Well-Being in Under-16 Female Soccer Players: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters during a Development Tournament. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.0538.v1"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004188","article-title":"Player Position Affects Relationship Between Internal and External Training Loads During Division I Collegiate Female Soccer Season","volume":"36","author":"Ishida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0063","article-title":"An Analysis of Positional Generic and Individualized Speed Thresholds Within the Most Demanding Phases of Match Play in the English Premier League","volume":"19","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korte, F., Link, D., Groll, J., and Lames, M. (2019). Play-by-Play Network Analysis in Football. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01738"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2023.125587","article-title":"Relationships between external loads, sRPE-load, and self-reported soreness across a men\u2019s collegiate soccer season","volume":"40","author":"Kuhlman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0026","article-title":"Monitoring Players\u2019 Readiness Using Predicted Heart-Rate Responses to Soccer Drills","volume":"13","author":"Lacome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magni, M., Zago, M., Vago, P., Vandoni, M., Carnevale Pellino, V., and Lovecchio, N. (2023). Technical Differences over the Course of the Match: An Analysis of Three Elite Teams in the UEFA Champions League. Sports, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11020046"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Male\u0161, J., Ouergui, I., Kuna, D., \u017duvela, F., De Giorgio, A., and Kuva\u010di\u0107, G. (2022). Monitoring Internal Training Intensity Correlated with Neuromuscular and Well-Being Status in Croatian Professional Soccer Players during Five Weeks of the Pre-Season Training Phase. Sports, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10110172"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0352","article-title":"Seasonal training-load quantification in elite English premier league soccer players","volume":"10","author":"Malone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0345","article-title":"Periodization and physical performance in elite female soccer players","volume":"10","author":"Mara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2022.2114604","article-title":"Effectiveness of wearable technology to optimize youth soccer players\u2019 off-training behaviour and training responses: A parallel group randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Mateus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Footb."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1993642","article-title":"The influence of season phase on multivariate load relationships in professional youth soccer","volume":"40","author":"Maughan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobari, H., Eken, \u00d6., Kami\u015f, O., Oliveira, R., Gonz\u00e1lez, P.P., and Aquino, R. (2023). Relationships between training load, peak height velocity, muscle soreness and fatigue status in elite-level young soccer players: A competition season study. BMC Pediatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03869-7"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.07.001","article-title":"Perceived load, fatigue and recovery responses during congested and non-congested micro-cycles in international football tournaments","volume":"24","author":"Noor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaizola, A., Errekagorri, I., Lopez-de-Ipina, K., Mar\u00eda Calvo, P., and Castellano, J. (2022). Comparison of the External Load in Training Sessions and Official Matches in Female Football: A Case Report. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315820"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221131531","article-title":"Effect of the Length of the Microcycle on the Daily External Load, Fatigue, Sleep Quality, Stress, and Muscle Soreness of Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study","volume":"15","author":"Muyor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1954517","article-title":"Key load indicators and load variability in professional soccer players: A full season study","volume":"31","author":"Barbier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R., Brito, J.P., Martins, A., Mendes, B., Marinho, D.A., Ferraz, R., and Marques, M.C. (2019). In-season internal and external training load quantification of an elite European soccer team. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209393"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"26","article-title":"Are male soccer players accumulating sufficient load across varying microcycle structures? Examining the load, wellness and training\/match ratios of a professional team","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Men S. Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R.F.S., Can\u00e1rio-Lemos, R., Peixoto, R., Vila\u00e7a-Alves, J., Morgans, R., and Brito, J.P. (2023). The relationship between wellness and training and match load in professional male soccer players. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289374"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R., Martins, A., Nobari, H., Nalha, M., Mendes, B., Clemente, F.M., and Brito, J.P. (2021). In-season monotony, strain and acute\/chronic workload of perceived exertion, global positioning system running based variables between player positions of a top elite soccer team. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00356-3"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.11.036","article-title":"In-season training load quantification of one-, two- and three-game week schedules in a top European professional soccer team","volume":"201","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R., Can\u00e1rio-Lemos, R., Morgans, R., Rafael-Moreira, T., Vila\u00e7a-Alves, J., and Brito, J.P. (2023). Are non-starters accumulating enough load compared with starters? Examining load, wellness, and training\/match ratios of a European professional soccer team. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00743-y"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R., Morgans, R., Fernandes, R., Brito, J.P., Espada, M.C., and Santos, F.J. (2024). External load transition practices from pre-season to in-season. A case study in elite female professional soccer players. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314076"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954116644064","article-title":"Analysis of positional training loads (ratings of perceived exertion) during various-sided games in European professional soccer players","volume":"11","author":"Owen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0093","article-title":"Relationship Between Wellness Index and Internal Training Load in Soccer: Application of a Machine Learning Model","volume":"16","author":"Perri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analyzing the effects of combined small-sided games and strength and power training on the fitness status of under-19 elite football players","volume":"60","author":"Querido","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001736","article-title":"Heart Rate, Technical Performance, and Session-RPE in Elite Youth Soccer Small-Sided Games Played With Wildcard Players","volume":"31","author":"Casamichana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2023.2201745","article-title":"Using minimum effort duration can compromise the analysis of acceleration and deceleration demands in football","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15806","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15806","article-title":"Resultant equations for training load monitoring during a standard microcycle in sub-elite youth football: A principal components approach","volume":"11","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trecroci, A., Cavaggioni, L., Rossi, A., Moriondo, A., Merati, G., Nobari, H., Ardig\u00f2, L.P., and Formenti, D. (2022). Effects of speed, agility and quickness training programme on cognitive and physical performance in preadolescent soccer players. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277683"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, P., Coelho, E., Mour\u00e3o-Carvalhal, M.I., and Forte, P. (2023). Association between motor and math skills in preschool children with typical development: Systematic review. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1105391"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14381","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14381","article-title":"Integrating physical and tactical factors in football using positional data: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"109","article-title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","volume":"15","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021278","article-title":"Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer","volume":"23","author":"Impellizzeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.06.016","article-title":"Influence of fatigue, stress, muscle soreness and sleep on perceived exertion during submaximal effort","volume":"119","author":"Haddad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.E., Afonso, P., Schneider, A., Branquinho, L., Maio, E., Ferraz, R., Nascimento, R., Morgans, R., Barbosa, T.M., and Monteiro, A.M. (2025). Player Tracking Data and Psychophysiological Features Associated with Mental Fatigue in U15, U17, and U19 Male Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15073718"}],"container-title":["Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/13\/8\/244\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:16:14Z","timestamp":1760033774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/13\/8\/244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sports13080244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports13080244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4663","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}