{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:27:05Z","timestamp":1776126425650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2009, the International Triathlon Union created a new triathlon race format: The World Triathlon Series (WTS), for which only athletes with a top 100 world ranking are eligible. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the three disciplines on performance within all the WTS Olympic distance races within two Olympic cycles, and to determine whether their relative contribution changed over the years. Methods: For each of a total of 44 races, final race time and position as well as split times (and positions), and summed time (and position) at each point of the race were collected and included in the analysis. Athletes were divided into 4 groups according to their final race placing (G1: 1st\u20133rd place; G2: 4\u20138th place; G3: 8\u201316th place and G4: \u226517th place). Two-way multivariate ANOVAs were conducted to compare the main effects of years and rank groups. For females, there were significant differences in the swim and bike segment only between G4 and the other groups (p range from 0.001\u20130.029), whilst for the run segment each group differed significantly from each other (p &lt; 0.001). For males, there were significant differences in swim only between G4 and the other groups (p range from 0.001\u20130.039), whilst for the running segment each group differed significantly from the others (p &lt; 0.001). Although we found running to be the segment where there were significant differences between performance groups, it is apparently important for overall success that a good runner be positioned with the first cycling pack. However, bike splits were not different between either of the four male groups or between the first 3 groups of the females. At this very high level of performance, at least in the males, the bike leg seems to be a smooth transition towards running.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7040076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1553831421000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Is the Bike Segment of Modern Olympic Triathlon More a Transition towards Running in Males than It Is in Females?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Minganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Science, 00100 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8168-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Vleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232060-00001","article-title":"Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance","volume":"32","author":"Bentley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2.3.315","article-title":"The relationships between science and sport: application in triathlon","volume":"2","author":"Millet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Seifert, L., Chollet, D., and Mujika, I. (2010). Triathlon Specificity, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. World Book of Swimming: from Science to Performance."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.384","article-title":"Physiological and biomechanical adaptations to the cycle to run transition in Olympic triathlon: review and practical recommendations for training","volume":"34","author":"Millet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"727","article-title":"Olympic preparation of a world-class female triathlete","volume":"9","author":"Mujika","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. 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Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u0171st, C.A., Lepers, R., Stiefel, M., Rosemann, T., and Knechtle, B. (2013, December 21). Performance in Olympic triathlon: changes in performance of elite female and male triathletes in the ITU World Triathlon Series from 2009 to 2012. Available online: http:\/\/www.springerplus.com\/content\/2\/1\/685.","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-685"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001335","article-title":"Changes in Contributions of Swimming, Cycling, and Running Performances on Overall Triathlon Performance Over a 26-Year Period","volume":"30","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"96","article-title":"Swim Positioning and its Influence on Triathlon Outcome","volume":"1","author":"Landers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. 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Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1065341","article-title":"Performance analysis and prediction in triathlon","volume":"34","author":"Ofoghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2013-0009","article-title":"Temporal activity in particular segments and transitions in the Olympic triathlon","volume":"36","author":"Cejuela","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinetics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954117738878","article-title":"The relationship of race discipline with overall performance in sprint and standard distance triathlon age-group world championships","volume":"12","author":"Horne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."}],"container-title":["Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/7\/4\/76\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:41:25Z","timestamp":1760186485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4663\/7\/4\/76"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sports7040076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports7040076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4663","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}}}