{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T19:09:33Z","timestamp":1761419373753,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed at comparing bioenergetics and biomechanical parameters between athletes with tetraplegia and paraplegia riding race handbikes at submaximal speeds in ecological conditions. Methods: Five athletes with tetraplegia (C6-T1, 43 \u00b1 6 yrs, 63 \u00b1 14 kg) and 12 athletes with paraplegia (T4-S5, 44 \u00b1 7 yrs, 72 \u00b1 12 kg) rode their handbikes at submaximal speeds under metabolic measurements. A deceleration method (coasting down) was applied to calculate the rolling resistance and frontal picture of each participant was taken to calculate air resistance. The net overall Mechanical Efficiency (Eff) was calculated by dividing external mechanical work to the corresponding Metabolic Power. Results: Athletes with tetraplegia reached a lower aerobic speed (4.7 \u00b1 0.6 m s\u22121 vs. 7.1 \u00b1 0.9 m s\u22121, P = 0.001) and Mechanical Power (54 \u00b1 15 W vs. 111 \u00b1 25 W, P = 0.001) compared with athletes with paraplegia. The metabolic cost was around 1 J kg\u22121 m\u22121 for both groups. The Eff values (17 \u00b1 2% vs. 19 \u00b1 3%, P = 0.262) suggested that the handbike is an efficient assisted locomotion device. Conclusion: Handbikers with tetraplegia showed lower aerobic performances but a similar metabolic cost compared with handbikers with paraplegia at submaximal speeds in ecological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bioenergetics and Biomechanics of Handcycling at Submaximal Speeds in Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37131, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5515-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras 1495-433, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia 4475-690, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7677-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Paolo","family":"Ardig\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37131, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.237","article-title":"Effects of hybrid cycling versus handcycling on wheelchair-specific fitness and physical activity in people with long-term spinal cord injury: a 16-week randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Bakkum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2009.07.010","article-title":"Hand-cycling: an active form of wheeled mobility, recreation, and sports","volume":"21","author":"Hettinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. 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