{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T22:15:33Z","timestamp":1775168133549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LabExc BASC","award":["Tplus3 No. 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tplus3 No. 1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impacts of climate change are likely to be marked in areas with steep climatic transitions. Species turnover, spread of invasive species, altered productivity, and modified processes such as fire regimes can all spread rapidly along ecotones, which challenge the current paradigms of ecosystem management. We conducted a literature review at a continental-wide scale of South-Western European forests, where the drier and warmer conditions of the Mediterranean have been widely used as examples of what is expected in more temperate areas. Results from the literature point to: (a) an expansion of slow-growing evergreen hardwood trees; (b) increased dieback and mortality episodes in forests (both natural and planted) mostly related to competition and droughts, and mainly affecting conifers; and (c) an increase in emergent diseases and pests of keystone-trees used in agroforestry zones. There is no consensus in the literature that fire regimes are directly increasing due to climate change, but available satellite data of fire intensity in the last 17 years has been lower in zones where agroforestry practices are dominant compared to unmanaged forests. In contrast, there is agreement in the literature that the current spread of fire events is probably related to land abandonment patterns. The practice of agroforestry, common in all Mediterranean countries, emerges as a frequent recommendation in the literature to cope with drought, reduce fire risk, and maintain biodiverse landscapes and rural jobs. However, it is unknown the extent to which the open vegetation resulting from agroforestry is of interest to forest managers in temperate areas used to exploiting closed forest vegetation. Hence, many transitional areas surrounding the Mediterranean Basin may be left unmanaged with potentially higher climate-change risks, which require active monitoring in order to understand and help ongoing natural adaptation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:19:06Z","timestamp":1535458746000},"page":"3065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Forest Adaptation to Climate Change along Steep Ecological Gradients: The Case of the Mediterranean-Temperate Transition in South-Western Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2479-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Manjarr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Ecologie, Syst\u00e9matique Evolution, CNRS-AgroParisTech Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud-Paris Saclay Orsay, 91405 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2781-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Ruiz-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2436-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Julio","family":"Camarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, (IPE\u2013CSIC), Avda. Monta\u00f1ana, 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Dehesa Research, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8245-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\/LARSYS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Sansilvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Ecologie, Syst\u00e9matique Evolution, CNRS-AgroParisTech Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud-Paris Saclay Orsay, 91405 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Granda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Ecologie, Syst\u00e9matique Evolution, CNRS-AgroParisTech Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud-Paris Saclay Orsay, 91405 Paris, France"},{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, (IPE\u2013CSIC), Avda. Monta\u00f1ana, 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Marqu\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, (IPE\u2013CSIC), Avda. Monta\u00f1ana, 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Temunovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Cleo","family":"Bertelsmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Drobinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMD\/IPSL, Ecole polytechnique, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, ENS, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Roturier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Ecologie, Syst\u00e9matique Evolution, CNRS-AgroParisTech Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud-Paris Saclay Orsay, 91405 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Benito-Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki Garc\u00eda de","family":"Cortazar-Atauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGROCLIM-INRA, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc CS 40 509, CEDEX 9, 84914 Avignon, France"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Panth\u00e9on-Sorbonne (Paris 1), LADYSS, 2 rue Valette, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Dupas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire EGCE, Avenue de la Terrasse, B\u00e2timent 13, Boite Postale 1, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Levrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRED, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, EHESS, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Universite\u0301 de Paris-Saclay, Campus du Jardin Tropical, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, CEDEX, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Sautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGIR, INRA, Campus d\u2019Auzeville, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, CEDEX, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/506153a","article-title":"Carbon sequestration: Managing forests in uncertain times","volume":"506","author":"Bellassen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2013.08.005","article-title":"Whole-tree harvesting with stump removal versus stem-only harvesting in peatlands when water quality, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation matter","volume":"47","author":"Miettinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12748","article-title":"Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area","volume":"20","author":"Greenwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0060-6","article-title":"Fire regime changes in the Western Mediterranean Basin: From fuel-limited to drought-driven fire regime","volume":"110","author":"Pausas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-010-9243-0","article-title":"Assessing risk and adaptation options to fires and windstorms in European forestry","volume":"15","author":"Schelhaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Bacterial diseases that may or do emerge, with (possible) economic damage for Europe and the Mediterranean basin: Notes on epidemiology, risks, prevention and management on first occurrence","volume":"94","author":"Janse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14839","article-title":"Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation","volume":"95","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01465","article-title":"Drivers of treeline shift in different European mountains","volume":"73","author":"Cudlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2017-0009","article-title":"The boreal-temperate forest ecotone response to climate change","volume":"25","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.877","article-title":"Climate change and fire effects on a prairie-woodland ecotone: Projecting species range shifts with a dynamic global vegetation model","volume":"3","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135750","article-title":"Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change","volume":"44","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197175","article-title":"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility","volume":"331","author":"Buntgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"917","article-title":"Know your limits? Climate extremes impact the range of Scots pine in unexpected places","volume":"116","author":"Camarero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.01.040","article-title":"Is drought the main decline factor at the rear edge of Europe? The case of southern Iberian pine plantations","volume":"271","author":"Swetnam","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pautasso, M. (2013). Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review. PLoS Comput. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003149"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00176.1","article-title":"MED-CORDEX initiative for Mediterranean climate studies","volume":"97","author":"Ruti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1412-4","article-title":"Testing climate models using an impact model: What are the advantages?","volume":"131","author":"Stefanon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0499-2","article-title":"EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research","volume":"14","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023497","article-title":"Scaling of precipitation extremes with temperature in the French Mediterranean region: What explains the hook shape?","volume":"121","author":"Drobinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12097","article-title":"Assessing global biome exposure to climate change through the Holocene\u2013Anthropocene transition","volume":"23","author":"Leadley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.03.018","article-title":"Sustainability of pasture-based livestock farming systems in the European Mediterranean context: Synergies and trade-offs","volume":"139","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1890\/100084","article-title":"Mediterranean cork oak savannas require human use to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services","volume":"9","author":"Bugalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-006-9030-4","article-title":"The \u2018Design\u2019 of Mediterranean Landscapes: A Millennial Story of Humans and Ecological Systems during the Historic Period","volume":"34","author":"Blondel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.03.005","article-title":"Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union","volume":"241","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-0994-3","article-title":"Mediterranean forests, land use and climate change: A social-ecological perspective","volume":"18","author":"Gauquelin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2013.08.005","article-title":"Fire regime changes and major driving forces in Spain from 1968 to 2010","volume":"37","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.03.001","article-title":"Wildfires as a major driver of landscape dynamics in three fire-prone areas of Portugal","volume":"101","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2012.00901.x","article-title":"Large-scale assessment of regeneration and diversity in Mediterranean planted pine forests along ecological gradients","volume":"18","author":"Zavala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad7270","article-title":"Europe\u2019s forest management did not mitigate climate warming","volume":"351","author":"Naudts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9368-8","article-title":"Drought-induced multifactor decline of scots pine in the Pyrenees and potential vegetation change by the expansion of co-occurring oak species","volume":"13","author":"Galiano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tps025","article-title":"Determinants of drought effects on crown condition and their relationship with depletion of carbon reserves in a Mediterranean holm oak forest","volume":"32","author":"Galiano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00566.x","article-title":"A global change-induced biome shift in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain)","volume":"9","author":"Boada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2010.01222.x","article-title":"Mediterranean pine and oak distribution in southern Spain: Is there a mismatch between regeneration and adult distribution?","volume":"22","author":"Urbieta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delzon, S., Urli, M., Samalens, J.C., Lamy, J.B., Lischke, H., Sin, F., Zimmermann, N.E., and Porte, A.J. (2013). Field evidence of colonisation by Holm oak, at the Northern margin of its distribution Range, during the Anthropocene period. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080443"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13728","article-title":"Climate- and successional-related changes in functional composition of European forests are strongly driven by tree mortality","volume":"23","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2837","article-title":"Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222473110","article-title":"Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment","volume":"111","author":"Prudhomme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1249-2","article-title":"Future changes of the terrestrial ecosystem based on a dynamic vegetation model driven with RCP8.5 climate projections from 19 GCMs","volume":"127","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-015-0907-x","article-title":"Archetypical patterns and trajectories of land systems in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Levers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2013.07.003","article-title":"Analysing how drivers of agricultural land abandonment affect biodiversity and cultural landscapes using case studies from Scandinavia, Iberia and Oceania","volume":"36","author":"Beilin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.028","article-title":"Mapping farmland abandonment and recultivation across Europe using MODIS NDVI time series","volume":"163","author":"Estel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.05.012","article-title":"Managing abandoned farmland to control the impact of re-vegetation on the environment. The state of the art in Europe","volume":"52","author":"Lasanta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simulating and delineating future land change trajectories across Europe","volume":"3","author":"Levers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.10.050","article-title":"Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives","volume":"294","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.01.005","article-title":"Is the abandonment of traditional livestock farming systems the main driver of mountain landscape change in Alpine areas?","volume":"29","author":"Cocca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1890\/120348","article-title":"Farmland abandonment: Threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review","volume":"12","author":"Queiroz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plieninger, T., Hui, C., Gaertner, M., and Huntsinger, L. (2014). The Impact of Land Abandonment on Species Richness and Abundance in the Mediterranean Basin: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098355"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Plant establishment and invasions: An increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe","volume":"279","author":"Lenda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.02.013","article-title":"Mapping regional patterns of large forest fires in Wildland\u2013Urban Interface areas in Europe","volume":"172","author":"Modugno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.02.014","article-title":"Estimating future burned areas under changing climate in the EU-Mediterranean countries","volume":"450\u2013451","author":"Amatulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-018-0251-5","article-title":"Agroforestry in the European common agricultural policy","volume":"92","author":"Pisanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1890\/150027","article-title":"Reviving extinct Mediterranean forest communities may improve ecosystem potential in a warmer future","volume":"13","author":"Henne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-012-9558-7","article-title":"Rewilding Abandoned Landscapes in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Navarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Rewilding-inspired transhumance for the restoration of semiarid silvopastoral systems in Chile","volume":"5","author":"Bonacic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502556112","article-title":"Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research","volume":"113","author":"Svenning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12374","article-title":"Rewilding: A Call for Boosting Ecological Complexity in Conservation","volume":"10","author":"Navarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-011-0229-6","article-title":"Impact of woody encroachment on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in abandoned agricultural lands along a rainfall gradient in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Alberti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04108.x","article-title":"Spatial patterns of soil pathogens in declining Mediterranean forests: Implications for tree species regeneration","volume":"194","author":"Serrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12193","article-title":"Contrasting effects of climate change along life stages of a dominant tree species: The importance of soil\u2013climate interactions","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Reboredo, F. (2014). Pests and Diseases in Portuguese Forestry: Current and New Threats. Forest Context and Policies in Portugal: Present and Future Challenges, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.12.022","article-title":"Phytophthora cinnamomi as a driver of forest change: Implications for conservation and management","volume":"409","author":"Sena","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04364.x","article-title":"Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe","volume":"197","author":"Santini","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv046","article-title":"Susceptibility to the pinewood nematode (PWN) of four pine species involved in potential range expansion across Europe","volume":"35","author":"Solla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-011-9983-0","article-title":"Applying a spread model to identify the entry points from which the pine wood nematode, the vector of pine wilt disease, would spread most rapidly across Europe","volume":"13","author":"Robinet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7263","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2376","article-title":"American trees shift their niches when invading Western Europe: Evaluating invasion risks in a changing climate","volume":"6","author":"Camenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.016","article-title":"Plant species diversity in alien black locust stands: A paired comparison with native stands across a north-Mediterranean range expansion","volume":"285","author":"Sitzia","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00333","article-title":"Amorpha fruticosa\u2014A Noxious Invasive Alien Plant in Europe or a Medicinal Plant against Metabolic Disease?","volume":"8","author":"Kozuharova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-015-0932-9","article-title":"Aboveground and belowground biomass allocation patterns in two Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit: An insight into carbon stock in young oak coppices","volume":"135","author":"Cotillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.11.013","article-title":"Review of micro- and small-scale technologies to produce electricity and heat from Mediterranean forests\u2019 wood chips","volume":"43","author":"Riba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12278","article-title":"Drought-induced defoliation and long periods of near-zero gas exchange play a key role in accentuating metabolic decline of Scots pine","volume":"200","author":"Poyatos","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9605-3","article-title":"Regime shifts in a socio-ecological model of farmland abandonment","volume":"26","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00686.x","article-title":"Refugia: Identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change","volume":"21","author":"Keppel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2105","article-title":"Long-term ecological dynamics: Reciprocal insights from natural and anthropogenic gradients","volume":"272","author":"Fukami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220228110","article-title":"Space can substitute for time in predicting climate-change effects on biodiversity","volume":"110","author":"Blois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2012.10.010","article-title":"Species\u2013area models to assess biodiversity change in multi-habitat landscapes: The importance of species habitat affinity","volume":"14","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/9\/3065\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:21:44Z","timestamp":1760196104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/10\/9\/3065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["su10093065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10093065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]}}}