{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T12:04:57Z","timestamp":1770725097846,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CajOmics (PTDC\/AGR-PRO\/5727\/2014)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CajOmics (PTDC\/AGR-PRO\/5727\/2014)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LEAF Unit (UID\/AGR\/04129\/2013)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEAF Unit (UID\/AGR\/04129\/2013)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cE3c Unit (UID\/BIA\/00329\/2013)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cE3c Unit (UID\/BIA\/00329\/2013)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEF Unit (UID\/AGR\/00239\/2013)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEF Unit (UID\/AGR\/00239\/2013)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/115162\/2016 to FM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/115162\/2016 to FM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/120054\/2016 to SC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/120054\/2016 to SC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study provides a critical analysis of the introduction of exotic food crop species and their impact on agricultural transformations in Guinea-Bissau, based on survey data and a review of the literature from the 1800s to the present. It applies a multidisciplinary analysis to map historical and contemporary agrarian knowledge in Guinea-Bissau, presenting the first list of exotic cultivated species introduced in the country. Our results show that many introduced crops have gained widespread acceptance among local producers, with 63 exotic cultivated species native to America and Asia. The most representative families are Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Anacardiaceae, including the country\u2019s main former and current cash crops. First driven by peanuts in colonial times and by cashew after independence from 1980s onwards, Guinea-Bissau rapidly became one of Africa\u2019s major exporters. The current cashew monoculture\u2014like peanuts before it\u2014relies almost exclusively on smallholder agriculture, raising concerns with regard to biodiversity, sustainability, and food security. The paper analyses historical trends in agro-economic transformations taking into account policies, programs, performance, and scientific research. Despite the existence of a long-standing single crop economy, further research is needed in this largely understudied country to assess the impact of long-term agrarian change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T11:12:26Z","timestamp":1537873946000},"page":"3408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Agro-Economic Transitions in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa): Historical Trends and Current Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Havik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-006 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-2140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"A. Manuel","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Tropical Studies for Development (CENTROP), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Romeiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fagan, B.M. 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