{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1775481260759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/115407\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/115407\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/111730\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/111730\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SusAn\/0001\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SusAn\/0001\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["nr. 017630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nr. 017630"]}]},{"name":"Bel Portugal","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dairy sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Pasture-based dairy production is sometimes credited as environmentally friendlier but is less studied than more intensive production systems. Here we characterize and calculate the carbon footprint (CF), using life cycle assessment, of the \u201cVacas Felizes\u201d pasture-based milk production system, in the Azores archipelago. Impacts were determined for multiple functional units: mass, energy and nutritional content, farm, area and animal. We performed multivariate analysis to assess the contribution of production parameters to the CF. Finally, we performed a literature review to compare these results with other production systems. Results show that emissions from enteric fermentation, concentrated feed production and (organic and mineral) fertilizer application are the three main sources of impact. Milk yield is a key production feature for the determination of emissions. The average CF is 0.83 kg CO2\/kg raw milk. At each milk yield level, the farms are approximately homogeneous. Compared with other studies, \u201cVacas Felizes\u201d milk has a lower CF than 80 (out of 84) published CFs and on average it is approximately 32% lower.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T10:54:03Z","timestamp":1539341643000},"page":"3658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Carbon Footprint of Milk from Pasture-Based Dairy Farms in Azores, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago G.","family":"Morais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\u2014Marine, Environment and Technology Centre, LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo F. M.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\u2014Marine, Environment and Technology Centre, LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno R.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terraprima\u2014Servi\u00e7os Ambientais, Sociedade Unipessoal, Lda., 2135-199 Samora Correia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARETEC\u2014Marine, Environment and Technology Centre, LARSyS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2184","article-title":"Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture","volume":"363","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. 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