{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T16:00:37Z","timestamp":1762444837272,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper is to provide a bi-level model for the expansion planning on wind investment while considering different load ranges of power plants in power systems at a multi-stage horizon. Different technologies include base load units, such as thermal and water units, and peak load units such as gas turbine. In this model, subsidies are considered as a means to encourage investment in wind turbines. In order that the uncertainties related to demand and the wind turbine can be taken into consideration, these effects are modelled using a variety of scenarios. In addition, the load demand is characterized by a certain number of demand blocks. The first-level relates to the issue of investment in different load ranges of power plants with a view to maximizing the investment profit whilst the second level is related to the market-clearing where the priority is to maximize the social welfare benefits. The bi-level optimization problem is then converted to a dynamic stochastic mathematical algorithm with equilibrium constraint (MPEC) and represented as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) after linearization. The proposed framework is examined on a real transmission network. Simulation results confirm that the proposed framework can be a useful tool for analyzing the investments different load ranges of power plants on long-term strategic decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"3811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Long-Term Decision on Wind Investment with Considering Different Load Ranges of Power Plant for Sustainable Electricity Energy Market"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jaber","family":"Valinejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Northern Virginia Center, Falls Church, VA 24043, USA"}]},{"given":"Mousa","family":"Marzband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE18ST, UK"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan 4416939515, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mudathir","family":"Funsho Akorede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3482-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"D Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE18ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Godina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aerospace Science and Technologies\u2014Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos de Oliveira","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT\u2014Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP\u2014Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edris","family":"Pouresmaeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2015.06.004","article-title":"Renewable power generation employed in an integrated dynamic distribution network expansion planning","volume":"127","author":"Bagheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electr. 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