{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:47:18Z","timestamp":1772610438032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of nitrogen-deficient agriculture wastewater, arising from the vegetable and fruit processing, is a significant problem that limits the efficiency of its biological treatment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the symbiotic co-culture of Azospirillum brasilense and Scenedesmus sp., under two nitrogen levels (8.23 mg L\u22121 and 41.17 mg L\u22121) and mixing systems (aeration and magnetic stirring), aiming to simultaneously use the N-deficient media for their growth while producing biomass for biofuels. Microalgae growth and biomass composition, in terms of protein, carbohydrate and fatty acid contents, were evaluated at the end of the exponential growth phase (15 days after inoculation). Results show that the symbiotic co-culture of microalgae-bacteria can be effectively performed on nitrogen-deficient media and has the potential to enhance microalgae colony size and the fatty acid content of biomass for biofuels. The highest biomass concentration (103 \u00b1 2 mg\u00b7L\u22121) was obtained under aeration, with low nitrogen concentration, in the presence of A. brasilense. In particular, aeration contributed to, on average, a higher fatty acid content (48 \u00b1 7% dry weight (DW)) and higher colony size (164 \u00b1 21 \u00b5m2) than mechanical stirring (with 39 \u00b1 2% DW and 134 \u00b1 21 \u00b5m2, respectively) because aeration contribute to better mass transfer of gases in the culture. Also, co-culturing contributed in average, to higher colony size (155 \u00b1 21 \u00b5m2) than without A. brasilense (143 \u00b1 21 \u00b5m2). Moreover, using nitrogen deficient wastewater as the culture media can contribute to decrease nitrogen and energy inputs. Additionally, A. brasilense is approved and already extensively used in agriculture and wastewater treatment, without known environmental or health issues, simplifying the biomass processing for the desired application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Symbiotic Co-Culture of Scenedesmus sp. and Azospirillum brasilense on N-Deficient Media with Biomass Production for Biofuels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jose R.","family":"Contreras-Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara P.","family":"Cuellar-Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidia S.","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIETI, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto (P.Porto), R. Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]},{"given":"J. Saul","family":"Garcia-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Koenraad","family":"Muylaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Parra-Saldivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.07.020","article-title":"Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review","volume":"14","author":"Mata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. 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