{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:17:49Z","timestamp":1768267069107,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Martinamor granite has been used for centuries in the monumental buildings of Salamanca city. In this study, the fracturing pattern of the Martinamor granite outcrops was evaluated in order to assess the possibility of supplying material for the restoration of heritage monuments. Several joint sets with a mean joint spacing lower than one meter compose the fracturing pattern, making the massive exploitation of this granite impossible. Only small blocks for restoration can be obtained; therefore, the outcrops should be protected for such purpose. The area of outcrops and ancient quarries, as well as that of mining activities from the same period, should be preserved as examples of historical extraction techniques and as a remembrance of our geological-materials-based society. Several proposals are presented for the geoconservation of the site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"4352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Suitable Re-Use of Abandoned Quarries for Restoration and Conservation of the Old City of Salamanca\u2014World Heritage Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9198-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CGeo Research Centre, University of Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8134-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CGeo Research Centre, University of Coimbra\u2014P\u00f3lo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolores","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6630-9","article-title":"Characterization of natural stone material used in the Nordic eastern urban and costal environment","volume":"76","author":"Luodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-018-0314-z","article-title":"Historical City Centres and Traditional Building Stones as Heritage: Barrio de las Letras, Madrid (Spain)","volume":"11","author":"Fort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7328-3","article-title":"The Estremoz marbles: An updated summary on the geological, mineralogical and rock physical characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Menningen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, D. (2019). Natural stone and World Heritage: Salamanca (Spain), CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351013352"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-014-0608-6","article-title":"Mining-induced geo-hazards with environmental protection measures in Yunnan, China: An overview","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2016.711124","article-title":"Environmental impact of mining exploitation: A case study of some mines of barite in the Eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco","volume":"7","author":"Essalhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5627-0","article-title":"Environmental pollution and its effect on water sources from marble quarries in western Turkey","volume":"75","author":"Ozcelik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"OECD (2014). Managing environmental and health impacts of uranium mining, NEA."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"81","article-title":"Environmental impacts of mining: A study of mining communities in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Mensah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1144\/SP407.6","article-title":"Piedra Pajarilla: A candidacy as a Global Heritage Stone Resource for Martinamor granite","volume":"407","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. London, Sp\u00e9c. Publ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.18814\/epiiugs\/2013\/v36i1\/002","article-title":"Establishment of the \u201cHeritage Stone Task Group\u201d (HSTG)","volume":"36","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Episodes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1144\/SP391.3","article-title":"Building stone as a part of a World Heritage Site: \u2018Piedra Pajarilla\u2019 Granite and the city of Salamanca, Spain","volume":"391","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. London, Sp\u00e9c. Publ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"D\u00edez Balda, M.A. (1986). El Complejo Esquisto-Grauvaquico, las series Paleozoicas y la estructura Herc\u00ednica al Sur de Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallmeyer, R.D., and Martinez-Garcia, E. (1990). Central Iberian Zone. Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83980-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.38.6.1329","article-title":"Duality of cordierite granites related to melt-restite segregation in the Pe\u00f1a Negra Anatectic Complex, central Spain","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"247","article-title":"La utilizaci\u00f3n del leucogranito turmalin\u00edfero de Martinamor en los monumentos de Salamanca y Alba de Tormes","volume":"43","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud. Geol. Salmant."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2008). UNE EN 12440 Natural Stone: Denomination Criteria, The National Standards Authority of Ireland."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7669-y","article-title":"Salt weathering in granitoids: An overview on the controlling factors","volume":"77","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.07.021","article-title":"Spherical projections with OSXStereonet","volume":"51","author":"Cardozo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, May 22). Richard Allmendinger\u2019s Home Page. Available online: https:\/\/personalpages.manchester.ac.uk\/staff\/Richard.Allmendinger\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4824-6","article-title":"Influence of fracture system on the exploitation of building stones: The case of the Mondim de Basto granite (north Portugal)","volume":"75","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Palmstr\u00f6m, A. (1982, January 10\u201315). The volumetric joint count\u2014a useful and simple measure of the degree of jointing. Proceedings of the 4th international congress of IAEG, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"125","article-title":"Constructing a quarry landscape from empirical data. General perspectives and a case study at the Aswan west bank, Egypt","volume":"12","author":"Bloxam","year":"2009","journal-title":"QuarryScapes: Ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wootton, W., Russell, B., and Rockwell, P. (2019, February 05). Stoneworking tools and toolmarks (version 1.0). The Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World. Available online: http:\/\/www.artofmaking.ac.uk\/content\/essays\/2-stoneworking-tools-and-toolmarks-w-wootton-b-russell-p-rockwell\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hori, Y. (2008, January 22\u201326). Ancient Quarry Techniques in the Ptolemaic Period in the Middle Egypt. Proceedings of the XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma, Italy."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ancient Egyptian quarries\u2014an illustrated overview","volume":"12","author":"Bloxam","year":"2009","journal-title":"QuarryScapes: Ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.06.006","article-title":"The Roman quarries at Antinoopolis (Egypt): Development and techniques","volume":"38","author":"Coli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2012.00667.x","article-title":"Computer vision-based orthophoto mapping of complex archaeological sites: The ancient quarry of Pitaranha (Portugal-Spain)","volume":"54","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Carfora, P., and Di Luzio, E. (2014, January 17\u201320). Archaeomorphological and Geological Studies on the Ancient Appian Way at the Aurunci Pass: Multidisciplinary Approaches for the Investigation of Ancient Quarries Siting and Exploitation. Proceedings of the 3rd International Landscape Archaeology Conference, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Archaeological Investigations at the Shrull Lime Kiln Near Russellville, Logan County, Kentucky","volume":"9","author":"Mills","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Gage, J. (2019, February 06). Osgood Graphite Mine, Nelson NH Site Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.stonestructures.org\/html\/graphite_mine.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gage, M., and Gage, J. (2005). The art of splitting stone. Early Rock Quarrying Methods in Pre-Industrial New England, Powwow River Books."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2007.04.001","article-title":"Granite fracture index to check suitability of granite outcrops for quarrying","volume":"92","author":"Sousa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, D., and Marker, B. (2016). The Value of Original Natural Stone in the Context of Architectural Heritage. Geosciences, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences6010013"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.18814\/epiiugs\/2015\/v38i2\/006","article-title":"Alpedrete granite (Spain). A nomination for the \u201cGlobal Heritage Stone Resource\u201d designation","volume":"38","author":"Fort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Episodes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.10.075","article-title":"San Pedro leucogranite from A Coru\u00f1a, Northwest of Spain: Uses of a heritage stone","volume":"97","author":"Fort","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2019, May 08). Traditional building stone in Madrid monuments. Available online: https:\/\/www.madrimasd.org\/English\/Science-Society\/scientific-heritage\/Geomonumental-Routes\/madrid\/default.asp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.05.001","article-title":"From landfill to water, land and life: The creation of the Centre for stone materials aimed at secondary processing","volume":"38","author":"Careddu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carri\u00f3n Mero, P., Herrera Franco, G., Briones, J., Caldevilla, P., Dom\u00ednguez-Cuesta, M., and Berrezueta, E. (2018). Geotourism and Local Development Based on Geological and Mining Sites Utilization, Zaruma-Portovelo, Ecuador. Geoscience, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8060205"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-016-0206-z","article-title":"Geoconservation, Quarrying and Mining: Opportunities and Challenges Illustrated Through Working in Partnership with the Mineral Extraction Industry in England","volume":"10","author":"Prosser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Guerra Garrido, R. (1984). El a\u00f1o del w\u00f3lfram, Catedra Ediciones. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wilson, R. (1999). A small death in Lisbon, Harper Collings Publishers."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2019, May 08). IGME Point of Geological Interest. Available online: http:\/\/info.igme.es\/ielig\/LIGInfo.aspx?codigo=CIs027."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-017-0231-6","article-title":"The Landscape Attractiveness of Abandoned Quarries","volume":"10","author":"Lorenc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6997-7","article-title":"The analysis of the existing terminology related to a post-mining land use: A proposal for new classification","volume":"76","author":"Lorenc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7437-z","article-title":"Appropriate aspirations for effective post-mining restoration and rehabilitation: A response to Ka\u017amierczak et al","volume":"77","author":"Cross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"63","article-title":"Eduard Schaubert\u2019s travel notes on Southern Euboea in May 1847","volume":"3","author":"Goette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/16\/4352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:30Z","timestamp":1760188230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/16\/4352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su11164352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11164352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]}}}