{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:32:25Z","timestamp":1775007145684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/113760\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/113760\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-TRA\/31923\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-TRA\/31923\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With automated vehicles (AVs), reversible lanes could be a sustainable transportation solution once there is vehicle-to-infrastructure connectivity informing AVs about the lane configuration changes. This paper introduced the reversible lane network design problem (RL-NDP), formulated in mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programming\u2014both the traffic assignment and the reversible lane decisions were embedded. The model was applied on an hourly basis in the case study of the city of Delft, the Netherlands. Reversible lanes are examined under no traffic equilibrium (former paths are maintained); user-equilibrium (UE) assignment (AVs decide their own paths); and system-optimum (SO) traffic assignment (AVs are forced to follow SO paths). We found out that reversible lanes reduce congested roads, total travel times, and delays up to 36%, 9%, and 22%, respectively. The SO scenario was revealed to be beneficial in reducing the total travel time and congested roads in peak hours, whereas UE is equally optimal in the remaining hours. A dual-scenario mixing SO and UE throughout the day reduced congested roads, total travel times, and delay up to 40%, 8%, and 19%, respectively, yet increased 1% in travel distance. The spatial analysis suggested a substantial lane variability in the suburbs, yet a strong presence of reversible lanes in the city center.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12031226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Reversible Lane Network Design Problem (RL-NDP) for Smart Cities with Automated Traffic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Territory, Transports and Environment (CITTA), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9785-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo Homem de Almeida","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"CITTA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Territory, Transports and Environment (CITTA), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3311\/PPtr.7068","article-title":"Analysis of Traffic Conflict Characteristic at Temporary Reversible Lane, Period","volume":"42","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polytech. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kulmala, R., R\u00e4m\u00e4, P., and Sihvola, N. (2008). Safety Impacts of Cooperative Systems, ICTCT Proceedings. 21st ICTCT Workshop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.09.003","article-title":"Estimating potential increases in travel with autonomous vehicles for the non-driving, elderly and people with travel-restrictive medical conditions","volume":"72","author":"Harper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Conway, M., Salon, D., King, D., Coll, M.H., Vandersmissen, M.H., Th\u00e9riault, M., Chung, K.H., Babar, Y., Burtch, G., and Neuzil, P. (2017). Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States. SSRN."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sadowsky, N., and Nelson, E. (2017). The Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Public Transportation Use: A Discontinuity Regression Analysis. Economics, 13, Department Working Paper Series."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, S.B., Lane, B.W., and DeCicco, J.M. (2019). Pumping the brakes on robot cars: Current urban traveler willingness to consider driverless vehicles. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11185042"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordhoff, S., de Winter, J., Kyriakidis, M., van Arem, B., and Happee, R. (2018). Acceptance of Driverless Vehicles: Results from a Large Cross-National Questionnaire Study. J. Adv. Transp.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5382192"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins, D., and Schwanen, T. (2018). Automated mobility transitions: Governing processes in the UK. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10040956"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bede, Z., and Torok, A. (2014). Theoretical investigation of traffic equilibrium on bridges. Transp. Telecommun.","DOI":"10.2478\/ttj-2014-0013"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3846\/16484142.2014.994227","article-title":"Optimizing capacity of signalized road network with reversible lanes","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, K.F., Lam, A.Y.S., and Li, V.O.K. (2007, January 14\u201317). Dynamic lane reversal routing and scheduling for connected autonomous vehicles. Proceedings of the 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Wuxi, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2017.8090813"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:12(933)","article-title":"Reversible Lane Systems: Synthesis of Practice","volume":"132","author":"Wolshon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"38","article-title":"Planning and operational practices for reversible roadways","volume":"76","author":"Wolshon","year":"2006","journal-title":"ITE J. (Inst. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, L., and Wolshon, B. (2010). Characterization and comparison of traffic flow on reversible roadways. J. Adv. Transp., 113\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.114"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waleczek, H., Geistefeldt, J., Cindric-Middendorf, D., and Riegelhuth, G. (2016). Traffic Flow at a Freeway Work Zone with Reversible Median Lane. Transp. Res. Procedia.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.06.022"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Chen, J., and Wang, H. (2013). Study on Flow Direction Changing Method of Reversible Lanes on Urban Arterial Roadways in China. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.08.092"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotagi, P.B., and Asaithambi, G. (2019). Microsimulation approach for evaluation of reversible lane operation on urban undivided roads in mixed traffic. Transp. A Transp. Sci.","DOI":"10.1080\/23249935.2019.1632387"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, G., Zhang, H., Sun, N., Chen, Y., Shi, J., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Cooperative Bargain for the Autonomous Separation of Traffic Flows in Smart Reversible Lanes. Complexity.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2893732"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolshon, B. (2002). \u201cOne-Way-Out\u201d: Contraflow Freeway Operation for Hurricane Evacuation. Nat. Hazards Rev.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2001)2:3(105)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.18.1.1","article-title":"Network Design and Transportation Planning: Models and Algorithms","volume":"18","author":"Magnanti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(88)90006-9","article-title":"A general bilevel linear programming formulation of the network design problem","volume":"22","author":"Boyce","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Geraldes, R. (2011). Reconfigura\u00e7\u00e3o topol\u00f3gica da rede rodovi\u00e1ria como instrumento de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o de problemas de congestionamento n\u00e3o recorrente, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Ma, W., Liu, Y., and Yang, X. (2014). Integrated design and operation of urban arterials with reversible lanes. Transp. B.","DOI":"10.1080\/21680566.2014.908751"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.11.010","article-title":"Operation of signalized diamond interchanges with frontage roads using dynamic reversible lane control","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, B.M., Tagliaferri, A.P., Meinhold, S.S., Hummer, J.E., and Rouphail, N.M. (2007). Simulation and Analysis of Freeway Lane Reversal for Coastal Hurricane Evacuation. J. Urban Plan. Dev.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9488(2007)133:1(61)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2015.1059123","article-title":"Large-scale evacuation network optimization: A bi-level control method with uncertain arterial demand","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuydes, H., and Ziliaskopoulos, A. (2007). Tabu-Based Heuristic Approach for Optimization of Network Evacuation Contraflow. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board.","DOI":"10.3141\/1964-17"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhong, Q., and Luo, Q. (2019). Evaluation of Transportation Network Reliability under Emergency Based on Reserve Capacity. J. Adv. Transp.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1370159"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/03052150802368799","article-title":"Reversible lane-based traffic network optimization with an advanced traveller information system","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Optim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2011.00722.x","article-title":"Time-varying lane-based capacity reversibility for traffic management","volume":"26","author":"Karoonsoontawong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71592","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2881290","article-title":"Bi-Level Programming Model for Dynamic Reversible Lane Assignment","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, J., Gao, M., and Liu, L. (2019). An Improved Critical-Edge Model for Finding Optimal Contraflow Links Considering the Influence of Intersections. Math. Probl. Eng.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8681417"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, R., Chen, W.N., Gong, Y.J., Lin, Y., and Zhang, J. (2019, January 10\u201313). A Histogram Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Reversible Lanes Optimization Problems. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Wellington, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2019.8789977"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sheffi, Y. (1985). Urban Transportation Network, Pretince Hall."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Newell, G.F. (1980). Traffic Flow on Transportation Networks, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.03.002","article-title":"Solving the User Optimum Privately Owned Automated Vehicles Assignment Problem (UO-POAVAP): A model to explore the impacts of self-driving vehicles on urban mobility","volume":"87","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"United States Bureau of Public Roads (1964). Traffic Assignment Manual. Urban Planning Division, U.S. Department of Commerce."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"FICO (2017). Getting Started with Xpress Release 8.1, Fair Isaac Corporation."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Fair Isaac Corporation (2019, July 07). XPress Solver\u2014Nonlinear Reference Manual. Available online: https:\/\/www.fico.com\/fico-xpress-optimization\/docs\/latest\/solver\/nonlinear\/HTML\/GUID-4B40E940-6A38-342F-9531-A13E84FB1467.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-018-9411-8","article-title":"A review and comparison of solvers for convex MINLP","volume":"20","author":"Kronqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optim. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedrich, B. (2015). Verkehrliche Wirkung autonomer Fahrzeuge. Autonomes Fahren, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45854-9_16"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2017.03.005","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles: The next jump in accessibilities?","volume":"62","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/3\/1226\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:55:54Z","timestamp":1760172954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/3\/1226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su12031226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12031226","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]}}}