{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1768913652777,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010556","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Emprego e Industria, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR811A-15-009-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR811A-15-009-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010556","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To date, entrepreneurship research has rarely focused on cooperatives. Recent research has suggested there is a positive association between cooperatives and women\u2019s entrepreneurial activity based on the assumption that this model is especially suitable for women\u2019s expectations and is favourable to their economic entrepreneurial development. However, few studies have empirically tested these propositions. This research, which analysed data from 264 Spanish cooperatives, confirms these findings. A mixed-methods approach was used. In the first stage, a Delphi study was run with 11 cooperative entrepreneurship experts to ask what factors may be decisive for women preferring a cooperative model. In the second stage, the factors derived from the Delphi study were used in a survey targeting female cooperative associates. The findings confirmed that female cooperative owners perceived this business model to be aligned with their values and best fit their work and lifestyle. This research contributes to the existing social entrepreneurship literature by providing empirical evidence from the Spanish context that highlights the role of women in cooperatives. The findings also emphasize the need for responsive policies and programmes that promote the cooperative model since it promotes female employment and women\u2019s entrepreneurial activity even in periods of economic austerity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T07:16:08Z","timestamp":1585034168000},"page":"2478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Female Entrepreneurship: Can Cooperatives Contribute to Overcoming the Gender Gap? A Spanish First Step to Equality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bastida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration and Commerce, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Luisa Helena","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Porto, 4200-464 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7165-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Olveira Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration and Commerce, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-1833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Cancelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"454","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility, values and cooperation","volume":"13","author":"Carrasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"IAER"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"The social economy facing emerging economic concepts: Social innovation, social responsibility, collaborative economy, social enterprises and solidary economy","volume":"93","author":"Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"51","article-title":"Demograf\u00eda de las cooperativas en tiempos de crisis","volume":"93","author":"Sala","year":"2018","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bastida, M., and Olveira, A. (2020). Emprendimiento cooperativo femenino. Factores de atracci\u00f3n en Senent, M.J. Equidad de g\u00e9nero en la econom\u00eda social y solidaria. Una propuesta pluridisciplinar y transnacional. Sustainability, 12."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"96","article-title":"\u00bfSon las cooperativas m\u00e1s favorables a la presencia de mujeres en los consejos que otras entidades?","volume":"110","author":"Salvador","year":"2013","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-006-9013-2","article-title":"Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom","volume":"28","author":"Levie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1108\/17566261111169304","article-title":"Business and social entrepreneurs in the UK: Gender, context and commitment","volume":"3","author":"Levie","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJGE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2016.12.013","article-title":"The gender gap in entrepreneurship\u2013The role of peer effects","volume":"134","author":"Markussen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Behav. Organ."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Birkner, S., Ettl, K., Welter, F., and Ebbers, I. (2018). Does Gender Make a Difference? Gender Differences in the Motivations and Strategies of Female and Male Academic Entrepreneurs, Springer. Women\u2019s Entrepreneurship in Europe: Multidimensional Research and Case Study Insights."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, V., and Van Praag, M. (2020). Mind the gap: The role of gender in entrepreneurial career choice and social influence by founders. Strateg. Manag. J.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.3135"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The support of women-work within cooperative enterprises: Sample of Turkey","volume":"6","author":"Dalkiran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2010.03.004","article-title":"Rural women in local agro-food production: Between entrepreneurial initiatives and family strategies: A case study in Greece","volume":"26","author":"Anthopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rural. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1086\/431264","article-title":"What makes small firms grow? Finance, human capital, technical assistance, and the business environment in Romania","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Cult. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-018-00075-3","article-title":"The social economy in a context of austerity policies: The tension between political discourse and implemented policies in Spain","volume":"30","author":"Chaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"VOLUNTAS Int. J. Volunt. Nonprofit Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"143","article-title":"Las empresas sociales en Espa\u00f1a: Concepto y caracter\u00edsticas","volume":"8","author":"Marcuello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gizarte Ekonomiaren Euskal. Aldizkaria Rev. Vasca Econ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"36","article-title":"El emprendimiento colectivo como salida laboral de los j\u00f3venes: An\u00e1lisis del caso de las empresas de trabajo asociado","volume":"112","author":"Lejarriaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"108","article-title":"Estrategias, estilos de direcci\u00f3n, compromiso de los trabajadores, responsabilidad social y desempe\u00f1o de las peque\u00f1as y medianas empresas de econom\u00eda social de la regi\u00f3n de Murcia","volume":"111","year":"2013","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"48","article-title":"Las cooperativas de mujeres en Espa\u00f1a: \u00bfempoderamiento o perpetuaci\u00f3n de roles de g\u00e9nero?","volume":"131","author":"Carrasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242614549779","article-title":"Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches","volume":"34","author":"Henry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Small Bus. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ICA (International Co-operative Alliance) (2017). Guidance Notes to the Co-operative Principles, ICA. Available online: https:\/\/www.ica.coop\/en\/cooperatives\/cooperative-identity."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Monz\u00f3n, J.L., and Chaves, R. (2017). Recent Evolution of the Social Economy in the European Union, European Economic and Social Committee. Available online: https:\/\/www.eesc.europa.eu\/en\/our-work\/publications-other-work\/publications\/recent-evolutions-social-economy-study."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"74","article-title":"Crisis econ\u00f3mica y econom\u00eda social","volume":"126","year":"2017","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1108\/03068290710760254","article-title":"Measuring performance: Differences between capitalist and labour-owned enterprises","volume":"34","author":"Melgarejo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Monzon, J.L. (2010). Las Pol\u00edticas de Apoyo a Las Cooperativas de Trabajo Asociado y a Las Sociedades Laborales en Espa\u00f1a. Las Empresas de Trabajo Asociado en Espa\u00f1a. Evoluci\u00f3n Reciente y Perspectivas, Ciriec-Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Monz\u00f3n, J.L., and Chaves, R. (2012). The Social Economy in the European Union, European Economic and Social Committee, EESC. Available online: https:\/\/www.eesc.europa.eu\/resources\/docs\/presentation-by-dr-mr-monzon.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Dees, J.G. (1998). The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship. Duke University, Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, CASE. Available online: http:\/\/www.redalmarza.cl\/ing\/pdf\/TheMeaningofsocialEntrepreneurship.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein, D.S. (2004). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1353\/cye.2005.0027"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"47","article-title":"Reshaping Social Entrepreneurship","volume":"4","author":"Light","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stanf. Soc. Innov. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741211216205","article-title":"Starting technologically innovative ventures: Reasons, human capital, and gender","volume":"50","author":"Barnir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00713.x","article-title":"Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationship among role models, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention, and gender","volume":"41","author":"Barnir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0432.2004.00240.x","article-title":"Doing gender, doing entrepreneurship: An ethnographic account of intertwined practices","volume":"11","author":"Bruni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1108\/IJGE-02-2013-0013","article-title":"Gender and entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A learning perspective","volume":"6","author":"Dempsey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gend. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.12.008","article-title":"Gender and venture capital decision-making: The effects of technical background and social capital on entrepreneurial evaluations","volume":"51","author":"Tinkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741111163124","article-title":"The informational contribution of social and environmental disclosures for investors","volume":"49","author":"Cormier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-627X.2010.00317.x","article-title":"Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behaviour in challenging environments","volume":"49","author":"Welter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741211227708","article-title":"Entrepreneurship as connecting: Some implications for theorising and practice","volume":"50","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2018.1551795","article-title":"Token entrepreneurs: A review of gender, capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship","volume":"31","author":"Wheadon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entrep. Region. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.2011.00689.x","article-title":"Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Propensity","volume":"75","author":"Koellinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.x","article-title":"The entrepreneurial propensity of women","volume":"31","author":"Langowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Entrep. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12060","article-title":"How do risk attitudes differ within the group of entrepreneurs? the role of motivation and procedural utility","volume":"53","author":"Block","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"60","article-title":"\u00bfPresentan las cooperativas contextos favorables para la igualdad de g\u00e9nero? especial referencia a la provincia de Teruel","volume":"88","author":"Salvador","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ribas Bonet, M.A. (2004). Desigualdades de G\u00e9nero en el Mercado Laboral: Un Problema Actual, Departament d\u2019Economia Aplicada, Universitat de les Illes Balears. Available online: http:\/\/dea.uib.es\/digitalAssets\/136\/136587_w6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ribas Bonet, M.A. (2005). Mujer y Trabajo en la Econom\u00eda Social, Consejo Econ\u00f3mico y Social."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Senent, M.J. (2008). Principios Cooperativos, Equidad de G\u00e9nero y Gobierno Corporativo. Actas del 27 Congreso Internacional CIRIEC, Septiembre de."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"57","article-title":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo pueden aprovechar las cooperativas el talento de las mujeres? responsabilidad social empresarial e igualdad real","volume":"105","author":"Senent","year":"2011","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Fajardo, G., and Senent, M.J. (2014). Introducci\u00f3n a la Perspectiva de G\u00e9nero en la Econom\u00eda Social. Econom\u00eda Social: Identidad, Desaf\u00edos y Estrategias, CIRIEC-Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"47","article-title":"Principios y valores cooperativos, igualdad de g\u00e9nero e inter\u00e9s social en las cooperativas","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Jur\u00edd. Econ. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2004.00274.x","article-title":"Fitting in and multi-tasking: Dutch farm women\u2019s strategies in rural entrepreneurship","volume":"44","author":"Bock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"105","article-title":"Strategy for women development in Anambra state, Nigeria: Co-operative societies\u2019 option","volume":"5","author":"Okechukwu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Public Adm. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12065","article-title":"The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence","volume":"53","author":"Fayolle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.6.1265","article-title":"The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions","volume":"90","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"65","article-title":"La participaci\u00f3n financiera y el papel de la mujer en la toma de decisiones de las sociedades cooperativas: Los consejos de administraci\u00f3n","volume":"18","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Eur. Dir. Econ. Empresa"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"115","article-title":"Perfil de la situaci\u00f3n de la mujer en las cooperativas de trabajo en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"105","year":"2011","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"134","article-title":"Responsabilidad social empresarial de las organizaciones de la econom\u00eda social. Valoraci\u00f3n de la misma en las empresas de la Regi\u00f3n de Murcia","volume":"65","year":"2009","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"267","article-title":"La Diferente participaci\u00f3n laboral de las mujeres entre las cooperativas y las sociedades laborales","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"51","article-title":"El papel de la ACI en el progreso de la mujer en las cooperativas","volume":"1","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Coop. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12240","article-title":"I might be a bit of a front runner\u2019: An analysis of men\u2019s uptake of flexible work arrangements and masculine identity","volume":"25","author":"Borgkvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0432.2011.00571.x","article-title":"Balancing work\u2013family life in academia: The power of time","volume":"20","author":"Heijstra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12133","article-title":"Women academics and work\u2013life balance: Gendered discourses of work and care","volume":"23","author":"Toffoletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12069","article-title":"Hours, scheduling and flexibility for women in the us low-wage labour force","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ahl, H.J. (2002). The Making of the Female Entrepreneur: A Discourse Analysis of Research Texts on Women\u2019s Entrepreneurship, Jonkoping International Business School."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1108\/17566260910942318","article-title":"A gender-aware framework for women\u2019s entrepreneurship","volume":"1","author":"Brush","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Gend. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12103","article-title":"The gendered state of business: Gender, enterprises and state in Israeli society","volume":"22","author":"Pfefferman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"59","article-title":"La Gesti\u00f3n empresarial como factor clave de desarrollo de las spin-offs universitarias. An\u00e1lisis organizativo y financier","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cuad. Gest."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1108\/13552551111158817","article-title":"Entrepreneurship and SME growth: Evidence from advanced and laggard transition economies","volume":"17","author":"Hashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman, C., Santos, F.J., and Barroso, M.D.L.O. (2019). Cooperative essence and entrepreneurial quality: A comparative contextual analysis. Ann. Public Coop. Econ., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1111\/apce.12257"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"43","article-title":"Emprendedurismo y econom\u00eda social como mecanismos de inserci\u00f3n sociolaboral en tiempos de crisis","volume":"100","year":"2010","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"171","article-title":"Spatial patterns in new firm formation: Are cooperatives different?","volume":"44","author":"Marcuello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Chaves, R., and Zimmer, A. (2017). The Third Sector in Spain and in Europe, Fundaci\u00f3 General de la Unversitat Val\u00e8ncia."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2019, November 01). Xunta de Galicia. Available online: https:\/\/www.xunta.gal\/tema\/c\/Economia."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/apce.12256","article-title":"Co-op open membership: Economic and financial effects","volume":"90","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Public Coop. Econ."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Yin, R.K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-07-2016-0206","article-title":"Social entrepreneurship orientation: Development of a measurement scale","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2005.09.002","article-title":"Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences","volume":"73","author":"Landeta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2003.11.002","article-title":"The Delphi method as a research tool: An example, design considerations and applications","volume":"42","author":"Okoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"175","article-title":"El papel de las cooperativas en la crisis agraria. Estudio emp\u00edrico aplicado a la agricultura mediterr\u00e1nea Espa\u00f1ola","volume":"9","author":"Campos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cuadernos Desarrollo Rural"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"103","article-title":"El a\u00f1o internacional de las cooperativas. una aproximaci\u00f3n a los desaf\u00edos del sector mediante el m\u00e9todo Delphi","volume":"116","author":"Eid","year":"2014","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Ridley-Duff, R., and Bull, M. (2015). Understanding Social Enterprise: Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"231","article-title":"Principios cooperativos y eficacia econ\u00f3mica. Un an\u00e1lisis Delphi en el contexto normativo Espa\u00f1ol","volume":"44","author":"Gallego","year":"2003","journal-title":"CIRIEC Esp. Rev. Econ. P\u00fabl. Soc. Coop."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"107","article-title":"El capital relacional de las cooperativas de cr\u00e9dito en espa\u00f1a: Un estudio cualitativo de sus intangibles sociales mediante el an\u00e1lisis Delphi","volume":"101","year":"2010","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"101","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n del business capital de las cooperativas de cr\u00e9dito a trav\u00e9s del an\u00e1lisis Delphi","volume":"103","year":"2010","journal-title":"REVESCO Rev. Estud. Coop."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741211247003","article-title":"Delphi method applied to horticultural cooperatives. Delphi method applied to horticultural cooperatives","volume":"50","author":"Apetrei","year":"2012","journal-title":"MANAGE Decis."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental assessment of Delphi procedures with group value judgments","volume":"189","author":"Dalkey","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rand Corp. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(96)00094-7","article-title":"Theory and applications of the Delphi technique: A bibliography (1975\u20131994)","volume":"53","author":"Gupta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Armstrong, J.S. (2001). Expert Opinions in Forecasting: The Role of the Delphi Technique. Principles of Forecasting. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.73.3.421","article-title":"Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior","volume":"73","author":"Feldman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12034","article-title":"Opting out (without kids): Understanding non-mothers\u2019 workplace exit in popular autobiographies","volume":"21","author":"Wilhoit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12350","article-title":"Precarity, gender and care in the neoliberal academy","volume":"26","author":"Ivancheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gend. Work Organ."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/6\/2478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:25Z","timestamp":1760173825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/6\/2478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su12062478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12062478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]}}}