{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:19:40Z","timestamp":1768436380403,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to traditional project management objectives (cost, time, scope and quality, among others), it is now necessary to include a global sustainability objective in all projects, regardless of their nature and scale. The processes for managing this objective may include sub-processes for optimising the sustainability of some or all of the project\u2019s deliverables. In this paper an integrated optimisation technique was applied to optimise the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) by taking into account economic, social and environmental indicators. A case study previously analysed in the literature, although with different objectives and scope, was considered for such a purpose. Diverse sets of weights were defined for the environmental impacts, as well as two additional cases. In the first one, all the indicators where assessed in a linear way. Non-linearities were studied in the second one. Both non-nature-inspired (exhaustive search and Monte Carlo simulation) and nature-inspired (Particle Swarm Optimisation, Crow Search Algorithm and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II) optimisation techniques were used to solve the problem. The results were presented and discussed in depth. The findings show the necessity of applying these kinds of methodologies in the design of energy systems and, in particular, STHEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"4480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimisation Techniques for Managing the Project Sustainability Objective: Application to a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3139-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Cartelle Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior (EPS), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC), Campus de Esteiro, C\/Mendiz\u00e1bal s\/n, 15403 Ferrol (A Coru\u00f1a), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1558-7399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Lara Coira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Navegaci\u00f3n e Ingenier\u00eda Marina, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior (EPS), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC), Campus de Esteiro, C\/Mendiz\u00e1bal s\/n, 15403 Ferrol (A Coru\u00f1a), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"de la Cruz L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior (EPS), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC), Campus de Esteiro, C\/Mendiz\u00e1bal s\/n, 15403 Ferrol (A Coru\u00f1a), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7527-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"del Ca\u00f1o Gochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior (EPS), Universidade da Coru\u00f1a (UDC), Campus de Esteiro, C\/Mendiz\u00e1bal s\/n, 15403 Ferrol (A Coru\u00f1a), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Economics and Finance (CEFUP) and Faculty of Economics, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias S\/n, 4200-464 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.10.021","article-title":"Energy transition: The economics & engineering nexus","volume":"166","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ferreira, P., and Soares, I. 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