{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1776679843005,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/114050\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/114050\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/04085\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/04085\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04085\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04085\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZN3188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZN3188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research about biosphere reserves\u2019 management effectiveness can contribute to better understanding of the existing gap between the biosphere reserve concept and its implementation. However, there is a limited understanding about where and how research about biosphere reserves\u2019 management effectiveness has been conducted, what topics are investigated, and which are the main findings. This study addresses these gaps in the field, building on a systematic literature review of scientific papers. To this end, we investigated characteristics of publications, scope, status and location of biosphere reserves, research methods and management effectiveness. The results indicate that research is conceptually and methodologically diverse, but unevenly distributed. Three groups of papers associated with different goals of biosphere reserves were identified: capacity building, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. In general, each group is associated with different methodological approaches and different regions of the world. The results indicate the importance of scale dynamics and trade-offs between goals, which are advanced as important leverage points for the success of biosphere reserves. Building on the gaps identified in the literature, a research agenda is proposed, focusing on the need to investigate mechanisms for holistic research, outcomes and trade-offs, transformations for social-ecological fit and institutions for integrated management across scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T10:45:19Z","timestamp":1594291519000},"page":"5497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Biosphere Reserves\u2019 Management Effectiveness\u2014A Systematic Literature Review and a Research Agenda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE\u2014Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA College of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability and Center for Methods, Leuphana University, 21335 L\u00fcneburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University, 21335 L\u00fcneburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2829-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE\u2014Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA College of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"von Wehrden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability and Center for Methods, Leuphana University, 21335 L\u00fcneburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.F., Zimmermann, H., Santos, R., and Von Wehrden, H. 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