{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:30:53Z","timestamp":1763415053467,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research results from the development of a global inspection system based on previous studies about individual expert inspection systems for 12 types of elements\/materials of the envelopes of current buildings. The research focuses on the rational harmonisation of the causes of defects in a global classification list, established from 12 individual lists. The process considers predetermined criteria, including guidelines for merging, splitting and combining causes to reach a comprehensive and simple list. The frequency of the prescription of causes of defects is analysed and the causes \u201cC-D12 Dampening of the cladding system\u201d in painted fa\u00e7ades and \u201cC-B7 Use of unprescribed, inadequate, incompatible, low-quality, non-certified and\/or non-approved materials\u201d in natural stone claddings stand out. Additionally, when analysing the relationship of causes with defects, some causes are highlighted because they are considered direct causes of defects in a broad range of building elements\/materials, namely: \u201cC-C9 Accidental collisions with the cladding\u201d, \u201cC-C7 Intentional collisions\/vandalism\u201d, \u201cC-D2 Excessive, insufficient or differentiated solar radiation\u201d, \u201cC-D8 Presence of rainwater or snow\u201d and \u201cC-D12 Dampening of the cladding system\u201d. The proposed list of causes successfully gathers causal knowledge on the pathology of the non-structural building envelope in a single component, homogenising the vocabulary used for several building elements\/materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"5564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Harmonised Classification of the Causes of Defects in a Global Inspection System: Proposed Methodology and Analysis of Fieldwork Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3710-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 D.","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bortolini, R., and Forcada, N. (1993). Building Pathology: A State-of-the-Art Report, International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Green, V. (2019). The data basis. Built. Environ. 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