{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:32:45Z","timestamp":1776886365221,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Raymond A. Bowers Program for Excellence in Design and Construction of the Built Environment, Penn State","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004675","name":"Autodesk, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gulf Concrete Technology","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"5628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanzhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hojati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Piasente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5416-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven G.","family":"Bil\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Memari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Architecture Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Radli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ISO (2015). 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