{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:13:53Z","timestamp":1762640033191,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/AGR\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/QUI\/00616\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/AGR\/04033\/2020","UIDB\/QUI\/00616\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fragmentation of forests is a consequence of human activities that intensively change the natural landscapes. In Brazil, there is a long-standing legal framework for native vegetation protection, called Forest Code. The last update is from 2012. The revisions incorporated in this restructured code (Law No. 12,651\/12) encompassed new rules, rights and obligations for adequate land use management of productive systems and for environmental conservation and protection. An example of a protective measure was the creation of a Legal Reserve inside the rural properties and Areas of Permanent Protection around the watercourses. This study explored the effects of implementing the new code on the spatial and temporal evolution of forest cover fragmentation since the legal changes were set up. In that context, the area, perimeter and shape (circularity index) of forest fragments, as well as the buffer strips along watercourses, were assessed from 2010 to 2016 within the municipality of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil. The assessment resorted to remote sensing techniques and visual inspection of orbital images. It was clear from the results that forest patches became more abundant but smaller, more dispersed and elongated, and that this route to fragmentation was hinged on a chaotic expansion of urban and agricultural areas. Important edge effects were anticipated from these results. The area numbers revealed that Ribeir\u00e3o Preto was 7.95% covered with forest fragments in 2010, while this percentage rose to 8.03% in 2013 and reached 8.35% in 2016. Most of this increase occurred within a 30-meter wide buffer along the watercourses. This was a positive outcome. However, the numbers also revealed that forested areas smaller than 51 hectares increased from 71% in 2010 to 73% in 2016. The conclusions were that implementation of Law No. 12,651\/12 is leading to an increase of forestland, but not yet promoting sustainability, namely through improved connectivity among fragments for reduction of edge effects and provision ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"5686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Configuration of Forest Cover in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto: A Diagnosis of Brazil\u2019s Forest Code Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Parras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\/FCAV), Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil"},{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gislaine Costa","family":"de Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\/FCAV), Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil"},{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Cristina","family":"Ara\u00fajo Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\/FCAV), Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil"},{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Cristina Tarl\u00e9","family":"Pissarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\/FCAV), Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil"},{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"},{"name":"Regional Coordination of the Prosecutor\u2019s office for Environmental Justice in River Basins Parana\u00edba and Baixo Rio Grande, Colonel Ant\u00f4nio Rios Street, 951, Uberaba MG 38061-150, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe Sanches","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Science, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Leal Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"POLUS\u2014Land Use Policy Group, Paulista State University (UNESP), Access Way Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s\/n, Jaboticabal SP 14884\u2013900, Brazil"},{"name":"CQVR\u2014Chemistry Center of Vila Real, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap. 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.04.019","article-title":"Socioeconomic changes and environmental policies as dimensions of regional land transitions in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil","volume":"74","author":"Batistella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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