{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T20:22:27Z","timestamp":1776889347297,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this research is to propose a theoretical model based on studies on residents\u2019 quality of life in smart tourism destinations. Smart tourism destinations are territories based on information and communication technologies (ICT), which improve travelers\u2019 tourist experiences as well as affect the quality of life of residents. To know the context of the relationships between tourism and quality of life, main studies and theories regarding these two phenomena are analyzed. Likewise, the relationship between smart places and quality of life is also studied. Therefore, a theoretical model on residents\u2019 quality of life in smart tourism destinations is proposed based on a systematized analysis of the literature. From the theoretical model, it is perceived that residents\u2019 overall life satisfaction results from the relationship between perceived tourism impacts and satisfaction with specific life factors, and they are measured by qualitative indicators. Also, it is identified that the quality of life of residents is clearly influenced by the impacts of tourism and ICTs. In addition, it is understood that the residents\u2019 overall life satisfaction corroborates for the further development of the smart tourism destination. Finally, we understand that the knowledge of residents\u2019 perception and satisfaction of their quality of life contribute to formulation and implementation of urban and tourism development policies in smart tourism destinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"8445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Residents\u2019 Quality of Life in Smart Tourism Destinations: A Theoretical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adalberto","family":"Santos-J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies, IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Mercosur Integration Center, Federal University of Pelotas, 96020-080 Pelotas, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6560-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Almeida-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Geographical Studies, IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9175-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz","family":"Mendes-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.09.005","article-title":"How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents?","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348016654971","article-title":"Tourism Impact and Stakeholders\u2019 Quality of Life","volume":"42","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2014.11.001","article-title":"Life satisfaction and support for tourism development","volume":"50","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Cole, S.T., and Chancellor, C. (2018). Resident support for tourism development in rural midwestern (USA) communities: Perceived tourism impacts and community quality of life perspective. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030802"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.11.007","article-title":"Residents\u2019 perceptions of tourism development in Benalm\u00e1dena (Spain)","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5177(02)00006-7","article-title":"A structural equation model of residents\u2019 attitudes for tourism development","volume":"23","author":"Ko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal, M., Perdue, R., and Sirgy, M.J. (2012). Prologue: Tourism and Quality-of-Life (QOL) Research: The Missing Links. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research: Enhancing the Lives of Tourists and Residents of Host Communities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2288-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/19388160.2010.481602","article-title":"Tourism Development and Regional Quality of Life: The Case of China","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. China Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2005.05.004","article-title":"Tourism agglomeration and its impact on social welfare: An empirical approach to the Spanish case","volume":"27","author":"Urtasun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287510362918","article-title":"Exploring the Nature of Tourism and Quality of Life Perceptions among Residents","volume":"50","author":"Andereck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Xiang, Z., and Tussyadiah, I. (2014). Smart tourism destinations. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"61","article-title":"Destinos Tur\u00edsticos Inteligentes","volume":"395","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Ind."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pencarelli, T. (2019). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Inf. Technol. Tour.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-019-00160-3"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"287","article-title":"Developing a model for sustainable smart tourism destinations: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Shafiee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v9i1.337","article-title":"Quality of Life: Definition and Measurement","volume":"9","author":"Theofilou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2005.00738.x","article-title":"Moving from the quality of life concept to a theory","volume":"49","author":"Cummins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-4222(94)00028-8","article-title":"Quality of life: Its definition and measurement","volume":"16","author":"Felce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.07.013","article-title":"Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism","volume":"53","author":"Uysal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-014-9357-8","article-title":"Residents\u2019 Perceived Quality of Life in a Cultural-Heritage Tourism Destination","volume":"11","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Qual. Life"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.3.542","article-title":"Subjective Well-Being","volume":"95","author":"Diener","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.08.002","article-title":"Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/13032917.2019.1632909","article-title":"Factors influencing the impact of tourism on happiness","volume":"30","author":"Carneiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anatolia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.14254\/2071-789X.2018\/11-4\/12","article-title":"Impact of non-economic factors on residents\u2019 support for sustainable tourism development in Langkawi Island, Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Eslami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2019.1689224","article-title":"Community attachment, tourism impacts, quality of life and residents\u2019 support for sustainable tourism development","volume":"36","author":"Eslami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2018.06.006","article-title":"Perceived impacts of medical tourism development on community wellbeing","volume":"69","author":"Suess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/1354816616656272","article-title":"Development of city tourism and well-being of urban residents: A case of German Magic Cities","volume":"23","author":"Tokarchuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-014-9359-6","article-title":"Assessing Community Quality of Life in the Context of Tourism Development","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Qual. Life"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"617","article-title":"Effects of Tourism on Residents\u2019 Quality of Life in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Study","volume":"21","author":"Khizindar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2016.05.001","article-title":"Residents\u2019 quality of life and attitudes toward tourism development in China","volume":"57","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/13032917.2016.1138234","article-title":"Impacts of tourism on the quality of life of local residents in Hue, Vietnam","volume":"27","author":"Suntikul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anatolia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1528008X.2017.1314798","article-title":"The Influence of Social Contact in Residents\u2019 Perceptions of the Tourism Impact on Their Quality of Life: A Structural Equation Model","volume":"19","author":"Carneiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Qual. Assur. Hosp. Tour."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.01.011","article-title":"Tourism impacts, emotions and stress","volume":"75","author":"Jordan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, J.C., Moreira, P., and Rom\u00e1n, C. (2019). A hybrid-fuzzy segmentation analysis of residents\u2019 perception towards tourism in Gran Canaria. Tour. Econ.","DOI":"10.1177\/1354816619873463"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9520-z","article-title":"Changing communities, community satisfaction, and quality of life: A view of multiple perceived indicators","volume":"98","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348010384600","article-title":"Residents\u2019 satisfaction with community attributes and support for tourism","volume":"35","author":"Nunkoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2003.00558.x","article-title":"The concept of quality of life: What we know and do not know","volume":"48","author":"Schalock","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.12.016","article-title":"Quality-of-life indicators as performance measures","volume":"76","author":"Uysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9479-9","article-title":"Developing a measure of community well-being based on perceptions of impact in various life domains","volume":"96","author":"Sirgy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp\u00f3n-Cerro, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mogoll\u00f3n, J., and Folgado-Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2019). What Is the Nature of the Relationship Between Tourism Development and the Quality of Life of Host Communities?. Best Practices in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91692-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp\u00f3n-Cerro, A.M., Folgado-Fern\u00e1ndez, J.A., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Mogoll\u00f3n, J.M. (2017). Rural destination development based on olive oil tourism: The impact of residents\u2019 community attachment and quality of life on their support for tourism development. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9091624"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp\u00f3n-Cerro, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mogoll\u00f3n, J., and Folgado-Fern\u00e1ndez, J. (2019). Quality of Life and Perception of the Effects of Tourism: A Contingent Approach. Best Practices in Hospitality and Tourism Marketing and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91692-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2019.1680681","article-title":"The effect of personal benefits from, and support of, tourism development: The role of relational quality and quality-of-life","volume":"28","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.823","article-title":"Exploring quality of life perceptions in rural midwestern (USA) communities: An application of the core-periphery concept in a tourism development context","volume":"13","author":"Chancellor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2167\/jost612.0","article-title":"A cross-cultural analysis of tourism and quality of life perceptions","volume":"15","author":"Andereck","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287515592972","article-title":"Residents\u2019 Support for Tourism: Testing Alternative Structural Models","volume":"55","author":"Nunkoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287516667850","article-title":"Configurational Models to Predict Residents\u2019 Support for Tourism Development","volume":"56","author":"Olya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348016671395","article-title":"Effects of Destination Social Responsibility and Tourism Impacts on Residents\u2019 Support for Tourism and Perceived Quality of Life","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.02.013","article-title":"Resident-tourist value co-creation: The role of residents\u2019 perceived tourism impacts and life satisfaction","volume":"61","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.10.007","article-title":"Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research","volume":"42","author":"Sharpley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Gursoy, D., and Nunkoo, R. (2019). Political impacts of tourism. The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Impacts: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"512","article-title":"Rethinking The Role of Power and Trust in Tourism Planning","volume":"25","author":"Nunkoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"197","article-title":"La pol\u00edtica tur\u00edstica y la intervenci\u00f3n del Estado: El caso de Argentina","volume":"23","author":"Schenkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perf. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/10941665.2020.1752749","article-title":"Residents\u2019 perceptions of desired and perceived tourism impact in Hainan Island","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirgy, M.J. (2012). Effects of socioeconomic, political, cultural, and other macro factors on QOL. The Psychology of Quality of Life, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4405-9_4"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysal, M., Perdue, R., and Sirgy, M.J. (2012). Destination Competitiveness and Its Implications for Host-Community QOL. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research: Enhancing the Lives of Tourists and Residents of Host Communities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2288-0"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"286","article-title":"Linking tourism to social capital in destination communities","volume":"6","author":"Moscardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.3390\/su6052538","article-title":"There is no such thing as sustainable tourism: Re-conceptualizing tourism as a tool for sustainability","volume":"6","author":"Moscardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2014.959993","article-title":"Rural residents\u2019 attitudes to tourism and the moderating effects of social capital","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"561","article-title":"Conceptualization of smart tourism destination competitiveness","volume":"26","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.S., Woo, M., Nam, K., and Chathoth, P.K. (2017). Smart City and Smart Tourism: A Case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122279"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Invat.tur (Instituto Valenciano de Tecnolog\u00edas Tur\u00edsticas) (2019, February 04). Destinos Tur\u00edsticos Inteligentes: Manual Iperativo Para la Configuraci\u00f3n de Destinos Tur\u00edsticos Inteligentes. Available online: http:\/\/www.thinktur.org\/media\/Manual-de-destinos-tur%C3%ADsticos-inteligentes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1285","article-title":"The impact of icts in the development of smart city: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Lomte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Thani, S.K., Skelhorn, C.P., Amato, A., Koc, M., and Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2018). Smart Technology Impact on Neighborhood Form for a Sustainable Doha. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124764"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4018\/IJEPR.2019040102","article-title":"From smart-cities to smart-communities: How can we evaluate the impacts of innovation and inclusive processes in urban context?","volume":"8","author":"Coscia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. E Plan. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y., Edelenbos, J., and Gianoli, A. (2019). Identifying the results of smart city development: Findings from systematic literature review. Cities, 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102397"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-04-2017-0014","article-title":"Smart cities for wellbeing: Youth employment and their skills on computers","volume":"9","author":"Picatoste","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2017.1360264","article-title":"Stretching \u201csmart\u201d: Advancing health and well-being through the smart city agenda","volume":"24","author":"Trencher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2017.05.001","article-title":"The effects of successful ICT-based smart city services: From citizens\u2019 perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Yeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.12.010","article-title":"Current trends in smart city initiatives: Some stylised facts","volume":"38","author":"Neirotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2011.601117","article-title":"Smart Cities in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Caragliu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1108\/JSMA-03-2015-0030","article-title":"Smart city or smart citizens? The Barcelona case","volume":"8","author":"Capdevila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strategy Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004","article-title":"Smart cities: Advances in research\u2014An information systems perspective","volume":"47","author":"Ismagilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macke, J., Rubim Sarate, J.A., and de Atayde Moschen, S. (2019). Smart sustainable cities evaluation and sense of community. J. Clean Prod., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118103"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A., and Scholl, H.J. (2012, January 4\u20137). Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework. Proceedings of the 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.615"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.12.018","article-title":"Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges","volume":"142","author":"Appio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2014.12.004","article-title":"Determinants of multi-service smartcard success for smart cities development: A study based on citizens\u2019 privacy and security perceptions","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Huang, Q., Chen, X., Zheng, B., and Liu, H. (2019). Factors affecting smart community service adoption intention: Affective community commitment and motivation theory. Behav. Inf. Technol.","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2019.1585475"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C., Zhao, G., Yu, C., and Wu, Y.J. (2019). Smart city development and residents\u2019 well-being. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030676"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaffers, H., Ratti, C., and Komninos, N. (2012). Special issue on smart applications for smart cities\u2014New approaches to innovation: Guest editors\u2019 introduction. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res., 7.","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-18762012000300005"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirtz, B.W., M\u00fcller, W.M., and Schmidt, F. (2019). Public Smart Service Provision in Smart Cities: A Case-Study-Based Approach. Int. J. Public Adm.","DOI":"10.1080\/01900692.2019.1636395"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"151","article-title":"Smart sustainability: A new perspective in the sustainable tourism debate","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2017.04.006","article-title":"Territorial capital, smart tourism specialization and sustainable regional development: Experiences from Europe","volume":"68","author":"Neuts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tussyadiah, I., and Inversini, A. (2015). Conceptualising smart tourism destination dimensions. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14343-9"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Tussyadiah, I., and Inversini, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2016.11.010","article-title":"Smart tourism technologies in travel planning: The role of exploration and exploitation","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"SEGITTUR (2019, January 10). Libro Blanco de Los Destinos Tur\u00edsticos Inteligentes. Available online: https:\/\/www.thinktur.org\/media\/Libro-Blanco-Destinos-Tursticos-Inteligentes-construyendo-el-futuro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"129","article-title":"Smart tourism experiences: Conceptualisation, key dimensions and research agenda","volume":"42","author":"Neuhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Ivars-Baidal, J., Celdr\u00e1n Bernab\u00e9nu, M.A., and Femenia-Serra, F. (2019, January 10). Gu\u00eda de Implantaci\u00f3n de Destinos Tur\u00edsticos Inteligentes de la Comunitat Valenciana. Available online: https:\/\/rua.ua.es\/dspace\/bitstream\/10045\/74386\/4\/2017_Ivars-Baidal_etal_Guia-de-implantacion-DTI-CV.pdf."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"European Commission (2019, November 05). European Capital of Smart Tourism. Available online: https:\/\/smarttourismcapital.eu."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1108\/IJTC-12-2015-0032","article-title":"Smart tourism destinations: Ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness","volume":"2","author":"Boes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Cities"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Ejarque, J. (2005). Destinos Tur\u00edsticos de \u00e9xito: Dise\u00f1o, Creaci\u00f3n y Marketing, Ediciones Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Tussyadiah, I., and Inversini, A. (2015). Smart Tourism Destinations: An Extended Conception of Smart Cities Focusing on Human Mobility. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2016.11.005","article-title":"Content mining framework in social media: A FIFA world cup 2014 case analysis","volume":"54","author":"Thomaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.02.039","article-title":"Security and privacy challenges in smart cities","volume":"39","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2018.1508458","article-title":"Towards a conceptualisation of smart tourists and their role within the smart destination scenario","volume":"39","author":"Neuhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Inf. Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovi\u0107, N., and Meijers, E. (2010, September 09). Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. Available online: http:\/\/www.smart-cities.eu\/download\/smart_cities_final_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"OECD (2020). How\u2019s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-Being, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.01.014","article-title":"Public spaces and happiness: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment","volume":"56","author":"Benita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.078","article-title":"Smart city and quality of life: Citizens\u2019 perception in a Brazilian case study","volume":"182","author":"Macke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150917721822","article-title":"Quality of Life @ Palava Smart City: A Case Study","volume":"20","author":"Madakam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"OECD (2019). How\u2019s Life in the Digital Age? Opportunities and Risks of the Digital Transformation for People\u2019s Well-Being, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Woetzel, J., Remes, J., Boland, B., Lv, K., Sinha, S., Strube, G., Means, J., Law, J., Cadena, A., and Von der Tann, V. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future, McKinsey Global Institute."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2017.1388771","article-title":"Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: A new scenario for destination management?","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Ayllon, S. (2018). Urban Transformations as an Indicator of Unsustainability in the P2P Mass Tourism Phenomenon: The Airbnb Case in Spain through Three Case Studies. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082933"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.043","article-title":"Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems","volume":"50","author":"Gretzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perles Ribes, J.F., Moreno Izquierdo, L., Ram\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Such Devesa, M.J. (2018). The Rental Prices of the Apartments under the New Tourist Environment: A Hedonic Price Model Applied to the Spanish Sun-and-Beach Destinations. Economies, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/economies6020023"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn Mart\u00edn, J.M., Guaita Mart\u00ednez, J.M., and Salinas Fern\u00e1ndez, J.A. (2018). An Analysis of the Factors behind the Citizen\u2019s Attitude of Rejection towards Tourism in a Context of Overtourism and Economic Dependence on This Activity. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082851"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119926","article-title":"Governance and quality of life in smart cities: Towards sustainable development goals","volume":"253","author":"Severo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2014.12.002","article-title":"A multilevel method to assess and design the renovation and integration of Smart Cities","volume":"15","author":"Mattoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, T., and Pardo, T.A. (2011, January 12\u201315). Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, College Park, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2037556.2037602"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-02-2015-0018","article-title":"Smart city intellectual capital: An emerging view of territorial systems innovation management","volume":"16","author":"Dameri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Cap."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.12.019","article-title":"Privacy-aware Big Data Analytics as a service for public health policies in smart cities","volume":"39","author":"Anisetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.240","article-title":"\u201cGreen, but not as green as that\u201d: An analysis of a Brazilian bike-sharing system","volume":"217","author":"Cerutti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1163\/18760104-01601002","article-title":"Noise Pollution in Europe: Unpacking a Worryingly \u201cQuiet\u201d Regulatory and Policy Issue","volume":"16","author":"Pouikli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Environ. Plan. Law"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102478","article-title":"Exploring diverse lived experiences in the Smart City through Creative Analytic Practice","volume":"96","author":"Edge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.10.026","article-title":"\u0395nhancing social networking in smart cities: Privacy and security borderlines","volume":"142","author":"Moustaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spicer, Z., Goodman, N., and Olmstead, N. (2019). The frontier of digital opportunity: Smart city implementation in small, rural and remote communities in Canada. Urban Stud.","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098019863666"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2018.1454505","article-title":"Airbnb as an instigator of \u2018tourism bubble\u2019 expansion in Utrecht\u2019s Lombok neighbourhood","volume":"21","author":"Ioannides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.3390\/su6084694","article-title":"Buildings Energy Efficiency: Interventions Analysis under a Smart Cities Approach","volume":"6","author":"Battista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2019.03.009","article-title":"Energy efficient and reliable data gathering using internet of software-defined mobile sinks for WSNs-based smart grid applications","volume":"66","author":"Faheem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2017.02.001","article-title":"Smart energy city development: A story told by urban planners","volume":"64","author":"Mosannenzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.007","article-title":"Identifying and prioritizing barriers to implementation of smart energy city projects in Europe: An empirical approach","volume":"105","author":"Mosannenzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonofski, A., Vall\u00e9, T., Serral, E., and Wautelet, Y. (2019). Investigating context factors in citizen participation strategies: A comparative analysis of Swedish and Belgian smart cities. Int. J. Inf. Manag., 102011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.09.007"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.04.007","article-title":"Role of green space in urban planning: Outlook towards smart cities","volume":"25","author":"Anguluri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"279","article-title":"The Internet of Nature: How taking nature online can shape urban ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Galle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2017.08.002","article-title":"Exploring sustainability of smart development initiatives in India","volume":"6","author":"Randhawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2495\/SDP-V13-N2-171-186","article-title":"Towards the right model of smart city governance in India","volume":"13","author":"Praharaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.02.002","article-title":"\u2018Fake news\u2019 meets tourism: A proposed research agenda","volume":"80","author":"Fedeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2014.942092","article-title":"Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives","volume":"22","author":"Albino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125616683954","article-title":"A Smart City Is a Collaborative Community: Lessons from Smart Aarhus","volume":"59","author":"Snow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-Cediel, M.E., Cantador, I., and Bol\u00edvar, M.P.R. (2019). Analyzing Citizen Participation and Engagement in European Smart Cities. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev.","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439319877478"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degbelo, A., Granell, C., Trilles, S., Bhattacharya, D., Casteleyn, S., and Kray, C. (2016). Opening up Smart Cities: Citizen-Centric Challenges and Opportunities from GIScience. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5020016"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-017-0283-3","article-title":"City-hubs for smarter cities. The case of Lille \u201cEuraFlandres\u201d interchange","volume":"10","author":"Heddebaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., and Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electron. Mark., 179\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0196-8"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:52Z","timestamp":1760178052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su12208445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12208445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}}}