{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:46:28Z","timestamp":1770327988403,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of sea-level rise on coastal towns is expected to be a major challenge, with millions of people exposed. The climate-induced risk assessment of coastal areas subject to flooding plays an essential role in planning effective measures for adaptation plans. However, in European legislation, as well as in the regional plans adopted by the member states, there is no clear reference to urban settlement, as this concept is variable and difficult to categorise from the policy perspective. This lack of knowledge makes it complicated to implement efficient adaptation plans. This research examines the presence of the issue in Portugal\u2019s coastal settlements, the European coastal area most vulnerable to rising sea levels, using the case of seashore streets as the most exposed waterfront public urban areas. Using the morphometric classification of the urban fabric, we analyse the relationship between urban typology and legislative macro-areas aimed at providing integrated adaptation plans. The study suggests that there is only a minimal relationship between the proposed classification and the geographical zones currently identified in coastal planning policies. Such incongruence suggests the need for change, as the policy should be able to provide a response plan tailored to the specificities of urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"8559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Climate Adaptation Plans in the Context of Coastal Settlements: The Case of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Dal Cin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Formaurbis LAB, CIAUD\u2014Research Centre of Architecture Urbanism and Design, Lisbon School of Architecture, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-063 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK"},{"name":"Urban Design Studies Unit, Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Ombretta","family":"Romice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Design Studies Unit, Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6069-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"URBinLAB, CIAUD\u2014Research Centre of Architecture Urbanism and Design, Lisbon School of Architecture, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-063 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.08.018","article-title":"Modelling the future coastal zone urban development as implied by the IPCC SRES and assessing the impact from sea level rise","volume":"98","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Church, J.A., and Gregory, J.M. (2001). IPCC 2001: 11 Changes in sea level. International Plant Protection Convention, Cambridge University Press. Available online: http:\/\/epic.awi.de\/4506\/1\/Chu2001a.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. (2018). An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 \u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C, World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A.T., Zimmermann, J., and Nicholls, R.J. (2015). Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding\u2014A global assessment. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118571"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, C. (2019). Assessment of Sea Level Rise of West Coast of Portugal Mainland and its Projection for the 21st Century. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. Int., 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0113.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.05.001","article-title":"Comparison of Coastal Vulnerability Index applications for Barcelona Province","volume":"178","author":"Koroglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2007, January 23). Council of the European Communities. Proceedings of the Name of the Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks, Strasbourg, France."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"European Court of Auditors (2020, July 15). Floods Directive: Progress in Assessing Risks, While Planning and Implementation Need to Improve. Available online: https:\/\/www.wfcatprogrammes.com\/documents\/20142\/34131\/SR_FLOODS_EN.pdf\/c296b847-db8b-6ed3-f0e3-f0c1aaab6a7c."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.06.013","article-title":"Sustainable cities: The relationships between urban built forms and density indicators","volume":"95","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dorrell, R., and Wentworth, J. (2010). Sea Level Rise, Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology. Available online: http:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/documents\/post\/postpn363-sea-level-rise.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2008.04.008","article-title":"A probabilistic methodology to estimate future coastal flood risk due to sea level rise","volume":"55","author":"Purvis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ribeiro, O. (1945). Portugal, o Mediterr\u00e2neo e o Atl\u00e2ntico, Coimbra Editora."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"De Carvalho, L.A.N. (2003). Potential of Borehole Systems in Portugal, Lulea Tekniska Universitet. Available online: http:\/\/epubl.luth.se\/1402-1617\/2004\/052\/index-en.html."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2112\/07A-0006.1","article-title":"Implications of Sea-Level Rise for Continental Portugal","volume":"242","author":"Ferreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017614524226","article-title":"The Relationship between Population Dynamics and Urban Hierarchy: Evidence from Portugal","volume":"37","author":"Bigotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Reg. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Santos, F.D., Forbes, K., and Moita, R. (2002). Coastal Zones. Climate Change in Portugal\u2014Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures\u2014SIAM Project, Gradiva."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Costa, C.L. (1994). Final Report of Sub-Project a Wind Wave Climatology of the Portuguese Coast, Instituto Hidrogr\u00e1fico\/LNEC. Report 6\/94-A."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.04.021","article-title":"Physical oceanography of the western Iberia ecosystem: Latest views and challenges","volume":"74","author":"Relvas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, C., Rocha, C., and Catita, C. (2019). Coastal flood assessment due to sea level rise and extreme storm events: A case study of the atlantic coast of Portugal\u2019s mainland. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201905.0052.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"218","article-title":"Sea Level at Cascais Tide Gauge: Data, Analysis and Results","volume":"56","author":"Antunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2112\/SI63-015.1","article-title":"Sea-Level Rise Implications for Coastal Regions","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.01.011","article-title":"Sandy barriers, climate change and long-term planning of strategic coastal infrastructures, \u00celes-de-la-Madeleine, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Qu\u00e9bec, Canada)","volume":"81","author":"Jolicoeur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Proen\u00e7a, S.B. (November, January 31). Reading and interpreting Portuguese Atlantic seashore streets in sea level rise context. Proceedings of the City Street3: Transitional Streets, Narrating Stories of Convivial Streets, Beirut, Lebanon."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kropf, K. (2017). The Handbook of Urban Morphology, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118747711"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2010.01218.x","article-title":"Digital Urban Morphometrics: Automatic Extraction and Assessment of Morphological Properties of Buildings","volume":"14","author":"Carneiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808317725075","article-title":"On the origin of spaces: Morphometric foundations of urban form evolution","volume":"46","author":"Dibble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleischmann, M., Romice, O., and Porta, S. (2020). Measuring urban form: Overcoming terminological inconsistencies for a quantitative and comprehensive morphologic analysis of cities. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci., 239980832091044.","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320910444"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01807","article-title":"Momepy: Urban Morphology Measuring Toolkit","volume":"4","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808319832612","article-title":"From the street to the metropolitan region: Pedestrian perspective in urban fabric analysis","volume":"46","author":"Araldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, July 15). OpenStreetMap Contributors. Available online: https:\/\/planet.osm.org."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004","article-title":"OSMnx: New methods for acquiring, constructing, analyzing, and visualizing complex street networks","volume":"65","author":"Boeing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.51347\/jum.v1i1.4047","article-title":"Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field","volume":"1","author":"Moudon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urban Morphol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamaina, R., Leduc, T., and Moreau, G. (2012). Towards Urban Fabrics Characterization Based on Buildings Footprints. Bridging the Geographic Information Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29063-3_18"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101441","article-title":"Morphological tessellation as a way of partitioning space: Improving consistency in urban morphology at the plot scale","volume":"80","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"016001761982627\u201325","article-title":"Size Distribution of Building Lots and Density of Buildings and Road Networks: Theoretical Derivation Based on Gibrat\u2019s Law and Empirical Study of Downtown Districts in Tokyo","volume":"10","author":"Usui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Reg. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Colaninno, N., Roca, J., and Pfeffer, K. (September, January 30). An automatic classification of urban texture: Form and compactness of morphological homogeneous structures in Barcelona. Proceedings of the 51st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Louvain-la-Neuve: European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2008.01085.x","article-title":"An Approach for the Classification of Urban Building Structures Based on Discriminant Analysis Techniques","volume":"12","author":"Steiniger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1346257","article-title":"Performance of shape indices and classification schemes for characterising perceptual shape complexity of building footprints in GIS","volume":"31","author":"Basaraner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"101","article-title":"A multiscale classification of urban morphology","volume":"9","author":"Schirmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hijazi, I., Li, X., Koenig, R., Schmit, G., El Meouche, R., Lv, Z., and Abu Nemeh, M. (2016). Measuring the homogeneity of urban fabric using 2D geometry data. Environ. Plan B Plan. Des., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516659070"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.05.023","article-title":"Mapping urban form and function at city block level using spatial metrics","volume":"167","author":"Vanderhaegen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Feliciotti, A. (2018). Resilience and Urban Design: A Systems Approach to the Study of Resilience in Urban form, University of Strathclyde."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Theil, H. (1967). Economics and Information Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.3.377","article-title":"Mixture model tests of cluster analysis: Accuracy of four agglomerative hierarchical methods","volume":"83","author":"Blashfield","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Costa, J.P. (2013). Urbanismo e Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, as Frentes de \u00c1gua, Livros Horizonte, CIAUD\u2014FA|ULisboa."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.10.007","article-title":"Assessing the sea-level rise vulnerability in coastal communities: A case study in the Tampa Bay Region, US","volume":"88","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, K., Naylor, A.L., and Quinn, T. (2017). Making Space for Proactive Adaptation of Rapidly Changing Coasts: A Windows of Opportunity Approach. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9081408"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"591","article-title":"La Ribera entre Proyectos. Formaci\u00f3n y Transformaci\u00f3n del Territorio Portuario, a Partir del caso de Lisboa","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ph.D. Thesis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos Silva, M., and Costa, J.P. (2018). Urban Floods and Climate Change Adaptation: The Potential of Public Space Design When Accommodating Natural Processes. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10020180"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102691","article-title":"A diagnostic tool for supporting policymaking on urban resilience","volume":"101","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9978-3","article-title":"Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: A case study on Copenhagen","volume":"104","author":"Hallegatte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, S., Nicholls, R., Ranger, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herweijer, C., and Chateau, J. (2011). A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Clim. Chang.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9977-4"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Paterson, R., Zigmund, S., Shin, H., Jang, Y., and Jung, J. (2020). The Effect of Coastal City Development on Flood Damage in South Korea. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051854"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3027-8","article-title":"An assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to cyclones through impact assessment guidelines: A bottom-up case study from Bangladesh coast","volume":"89","author":"Younus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.01.007","article-title":"Urban form revisited\u2014Selecting indicators for characterising European cities","volume":"96","author":"Schwarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:22:21Z","timestamp":1760178141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su12208559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12208559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]}}}