{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:09:55Z","timestamp":1776866995173,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015654","name":"Nicola Murray Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25.26022020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25.26022020."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The issue of marine plastic litter pollution is multifaceted, cross-sectoral, and ongoing in the absence of appropriate management measures. This study analysed the issue of marine plastic litter pollution in the context of the Descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Good Environmental Status of the oceans and seas. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to assess the causes, effects, and management measures to changes in the marine environment resulting from marine plastics pollution. We noted that less than 10 peer-reviewed publications have applied the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to the issue of marine plastics pollution. Some basic needs such as food security, movement of goods and services, and shelter are also some of the major drivers of marine plastic pollution. The use of plastics is linked to multiple economic sectors (fisheries, agriculture, transport, packaging, construction) and other human activities. A significant amount of the resulting pressures came from the economic sectors for packaging and construction. State changes occurred at the environmental (contamination and bioaccumulation), ecosystem (ingestion of plastics, ghost fishing) and ecosystem service levels (supply of sea food, salt and cultural benefits), with possible loss of jobs and income being some of the observed impacts on human welfare. Responses as management measures, which are tailored to meet each component of the DPSIR framework, were identified. These included policies, regulations, technological advancement and behavioural change. The research acknowledges the issue of marine plastics pollution as a global environmental problem and recommends a trans-disciplinary approach, involving all types of stakeholders. Future research and analysis applying the DPSIR framework will be useful to provide the information necessary for the effective, adaptive management of litter pollution by marine plastics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su12208677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T20:44:41Z","timestamp":1603140281000},"page":"8677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["The Marine Plastic Litter Issue: A Social-Economic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Abalansa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Murray Foundation, Brabners LLP, Horton House, Exchange Street, Liverpool L2 3YL, UK"},{"name":"CIMA, FCT-Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badr","family":"El Mahrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murray Foundation, Brabners LLP, Horton House, Exchange Street, Liverpool L2 3YL, UK"},{"name":"CIMA, FCT-Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Geoscience, Water and Environment, (LG2E-CERNE2D), Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godwin Kofi","family":"Vondolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadall\u00e9en 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Icely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA, FCT-Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Sagremarisco, Apt 21, 8650-999 Vila do Bispo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9286-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMA, FCT-Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stemming the tide of plastic marine litter: A global action agenda","volume":"5","author":"Gold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pritzker Environ. Law Policy Briefs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2019.103178","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of marine litter on the seafloor of the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"155","author":"Alomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0054","article-title":"Our plastic age","volume":"364","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"David, A.D. (2016). Marine Microplastic and Nanoplastic Litter in Nova Scotia: Confronting the Rising Tides of Plastics in Our Marine Waters, Coastlines and Organisms (Graduate project). [Master Thesis, Dalhousie University]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Watkins, E., Brink, P., Withana, S., Mutafoglu, K., Schweitzer, J.-P., Russi, D., and Kettunen, M. (2015). Marine litter: Socio-Economic Study: Scoping Report, Institute for European Environmental Policy. Available online: https:\/\/www.g7germany.de\/Content\/DE\/_Anlagen\/G7_G20\/2015-06-01-marine-litter___blob=publicationFile&v=4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Klosko, G. (2018). The State of Plastics: World Environment Day Outlook, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Slat, B. (2014). How the Oceans Can Clean Themselves: A Feasibility Study, Ocean Cleanup."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNEP (2020, July 01). Regional Oceans Governance. Available online: https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/resources\/report\/regional-oceans-governance."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00239a","article-title":"Quantitation of persistent organic pollutants adsorbed on plastic debris from the Northern Pacific Gyre\u2019s \u201ceastern garbage patch\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Rios","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2017.11.002","article-title":"Micro-and nanoplastics in the environment: Research and policy making","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2016.12.011","article-title":"Deep\u2014Sea research I marine litter on deep Arctic sea floor continues to increase and spreads to the North at the Hausgarten Observatory","volume":"120","author":"Tekman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part I"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15611","article-title":"River plastic emissions to the world\u2019s oceans","volume":"8","author":"Lebreton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Szeteiov\u00e1, K. (2010). Automotive Materials Plastics in Automotive Markets Today. Engineering, 27\u201333. Available online: https:\/\/www.mtf.stuba.sk\/buxus\/docs\/internetovy_casopis\/2010\/3\/szeteiova.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0311","article-title":"Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities","volume":"2007","author":"Hopewell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.03.049","article-title":"\u201dAnd DPSIR begat DAPSI (W) R (M)!\u201d A unifying framework for marine environmental management","volume":"118","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05551-180426","article-title":"Comparison of frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems","volume":"18","author":"Binder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2005.06.003","article-title":"A conceptual template for integrative human\u2013environment research","volume":"15","author":"Newell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702288104","article-title":"A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas","volume":"104","author":"Ostrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172133","article-title":"A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems","volume":"325","author":"Ostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"EEA (1995). Europe\u2019s Environment: The Dobris Assessment. Eur. Environ. Dobris Assess., 261\u2013296."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"OECD (1993). Core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews. Environ. Monogr., 83, 1\u201337."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Mateus, M., and Campuzano, F. (2008). The DPSIR framework applied to the integrated management of coastal areas. Perspect. Integr. Coast. Zo. Manag. S. Am., 29\u201342."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"GRID-Arendal and UNEP (2016). World Ocean Assessment Overview, GRID-Arendal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.013","article-title":"A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems","volume":"103","author":"Gari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.11.001","article-title":"How the DPSIR framework can be used for structuring problems and facilitating empirical research in coastal systems","volume":"56","author":"Lewison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"DPSIR\u2014Two decades of trying to develop a unifying framework for marine environmental management?","volume":"3","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolanski, E., and Elliott, M. (2015). Estuarine Ecohydrology: An Introduction, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63398-9.00001-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054346","article-title":"A theory of Hhuman motivation","volume":"50","author":"Maslow","year":"1943","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Charter, M., Carruthers, R., and Jensen, S. (2020, May 04). Circular Ocean: Products from Waste Fishing Nets. Available online: http:\/\/www.circularocean.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Circular-Ocean_Research_Products_FINAL_02-02-18.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Consultic (2012). Post Consumer Plastic Waste Management in European Countries (2012)\u2014EU 27 + 2 Countries. Retrieved from Brussels. Consult. Mark. Ind. GmbH, 258. Available online: http:\/\/kunststofkringloop.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/Plastic-waste-management-report-October-2013-versie-NL-en-EU-voor-ketenakkoord.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher, J., and Friot, D. (2017). Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: A Global Evaluation of Sources, IUCN Gland.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Galgani, F. (2014, January 18\u201321). Distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Proceedings of the CIESM Workshop Monographn, Tirana, Albania."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., and Law, K.L. (2019, January 23). Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean. Available online: https:\/\/www.iswa.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA\/Science-2015-Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0281","article-title":"Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health","volume":"364","author":"Talsness","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041","article-title":"The impact of debris on marine life","volume":"92","author":"Gall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchn, S., Rebolledo, E.L.B., and van Franeker, J.A. (2015). Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2003.09.025","article-title":"Entanglement of monofilament fishing lines and coral death","volume":"117","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102005002580","article-title":"Assisted passage or passive drift: A comparison of alternative transport mechanisms for non-indigenous coastal species into the Southern Ocean","volume":"17","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"UNEP and GRID-Arendal (2018, December 05). Marine Litter Vital Graphics. United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal. Nairobi and Arendal. Available online: www.unep.org; www.grida.no."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Macfadyen, G., Huntington, T., and Cappell, R. (2009). Abandoned, Lost or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear, FAO."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9014","DOI":"10.1021\/es501757s","article-title":"Large accumulation of micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.06.016","article-title":"Status of international monitoring and management of abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear and ghost fishing","volume":"60","author":"Gilman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"ARCADIS (2014). Final report: Marine litter study to support the establishment of an initial quantitative headline reduction target\u2014SFRA0025. Eur. Comm., 315."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.036","article-title":"The ugly face of tourism: Marine debris pollution linked to visitation in the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"117","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2014.12.015","article-title":"Abundance and environmental drivers of anthropogenic litter on 5 Lake Michigan beaches: A study facilitated by citizen science data collection","volume":"41","author":"Hoellein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.01.005","article-title":"Anthropogenic marine debris in the coastal environment: A multi-year comparison between coastal waters and local shores","volume":"71","author":"Thiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2005.08.006","article-title":"Influence of socio-economic characteristics of beach users on litter generation","volume":"48","author":"Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.014","article-title":"Identification of self-reported user behavior, education level, and preferences to reduce littering on beaches\u2013A survey from the SE Pacific","volume":"78","author":"Eastman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","article-title":"Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks","volume":"45","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Velis, C.A. (2014). Global Recycling Markets-plastic Waste: A Story for OnePplayer\u2013China. Int. Solid Waste Assoc. Glob. Waste Manag. Task Force, 1\u201366. Available online: https:\/\/www.iswa.org\/fileadmin\/galleries\/Task_Forces\/TFGWM_Report_GRM_Plastic_China_LR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"PlasticEurope (2013). Plastics\u2014The facts: An analysis of European latest plastics production, demand and waste data. Plastics (Association Plast. Manuf), 1, 40."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.12.010","article-title":"Marine litter on Mediterranean shores: Analysis of composition, spatial distribution and sources in north-western Adriatic beaches","volume":"49","author":"Munari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02178","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and anagement of plastics","volume":"54","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"MEA (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Island."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136119","article-title":"Occurrence of organic pollutants in plastics on beach: Stranded foams can be sources of pollutants in islands","volume":"707","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02515","article-title":"Koelmans. Accumulation of plastic debris and associated contaminants in aquatic food webs","volume":"52","author":"Diepens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2009.06.014","article-title":"International Pellet Watch: Global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal waters. 1. Initial phase data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs","volume":"58","author":"Ogata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03263","article-title":"Chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress","volume":"3","author":"Rochman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.04.030","article-title":"Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences","volume":"50","author":"Endo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1021\/es0010498","article-title":"Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment","volume":"35","author":"Mato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113569","article-title":"Details of plastic ingestion and fibre contamination in North Sea fishes","volume":"257","author":"Swiers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111143","article-title":"Ingested plastic and trace element concentrations in Short-tailed Shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris)","volume":"155","author":"Puskic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502108112","article-title":"Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing","volume":"112","author":"Wilcox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Nerland, I.L., Halsband, C., Allan, I., and Thomas, K.V. (2019, December 12). Microplastics in marine environments: Occurrence, distribution and effects. Available online: https:\/\/www.miljodirektoratet.no\/globalassets\/publikasjoner\/M319\/M319.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.03.032","article-title":"Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)","volume":"62","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028","article-title":"Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel","volume":"67","author":"Lusher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1021\/es800249a","article-title":"Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)","volume":"42","author":"Browne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.11.053","article-title":"Feeding type affects microplastic ingestion in a coastal invertebrate community","volume":"102","author":"Norkko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.008","article-title":"Microplastics are taken up by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and lugworms (Arenicola marina) living in natural habitats","volume":"199","author":"Claessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review","volume":"178","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(87)90197-7","article-title":"The effects of ingested plastic on seabirds: Correlations between plastic load and body condition","volume":"46","author":"Ryan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12336","DOI":"10.1021\/es503001d","article-title":"Nanoplastic affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna","volume":"48","author":"Besseling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.1021\/es400663f","article-title":"Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton","volume":"47","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laist, D.W. (1997). Impacts of Marine Debris: Entanglement of Marine Life in Marine Debris Including a Comprehensive List of Species with Entanglement and Ingestion Records. Marine Debris, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8486-1_10"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway, T.S. (2015). Micro-and Nano-plastics and Human Health. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_13"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x","article-title":"Assessment of management to mitigate anthropogenic effects on large whales","volume":"27","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09923","article-title":"Monitoring North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis entanglement rates: A 30 yr retrospective","volume":"466","author":"Knowlton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-014-2432-8","article-title":"Relationship of diversity and habitat area in North Pacific plastic-associated rafting communities","volume":"161","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiessling, T., Gutow, L., and Thiel, M. (2015). Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_6"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110926","article-title":"The invasive species Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758-Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on artificial substrates: A baseline assessment for the Colombian Caribbean Sea","volume":"152","author":"Gracia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0298","article-title":"Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect","volume":"8","author":"Goldstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/09593331808616527","article-title":"Plasticizing the seafloor: An overview","volume":"18","author":"Goldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Hammer, J., Kraak, M.H.S., and Parsons, J.R. (2012). Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06069","article-title":"Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment: Critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies","volume":"50","author":"Koelmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.01.046","article-title":"Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)","volume":"177","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03465-9","article-title":"Turning microplastics into nanoplastics through digestive fragmentation by Antarctic krill","volume":"9","author":"Dawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0268","article-title":"Phthalates and other additives in plastics: Human exposure and associated health outcomes","volume":"364","author":"Meeker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1909","article-title":"Microplastics as contaminants in commercially important seafood species","volume":"13","author":"Santillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022","article-title":"Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic","volume":"142","author":"Beaumont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46173","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46173","article-title":"The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries","volume":"7","author":"Karami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welden, N.A. (2020). The Environmental Impacts of Plastic Pollution, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817880-5.00008-6"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Mouat, J., Lozano, R., and Bateson, H. (2010). Economic Impacts of Marine Litter. Kommunernes Internationale Milj\u00f8organisation, KIMO."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napper, I.E., and Thompson, R.C. (2019). Marine Plastic Pollution: Other Than Microplastic, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815060-3.00022-0"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Wallace, B. (1989, January 2\u20137). How much do commercial and recreational fishermen know about marine debris and entanglement? Part 1. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"393","article-title":"Common causes of open-circuit recreational diving fatalities","volume":"35","author":"Denoble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.04.003","article-title":"Estimates of dietary exposure of Spanish population to packaging contaminants from cereal based foods contained in plastic materials","volume":"128","author":"Bustos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.178","article-title":"Low numbers of microplastics detected in drinking water from ground water sources","volume":"648","author":"Mintenig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"GESAMP (2015). Sources, fate and effects of MP in the marine environment. J. Ser. GESAMP Rep. Stud., 90, 98."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2019). Update of 2009 Apec Report on Economic Costs of Marine Debris to Apec Economies Penultimate Version. Confidence Update of 2009 Apec Report on Economic Costs of Marine, APEC. Available online: https:\/\/www.apec.org\/Publications\/2020\/03\/Update-of-2009-APEC-Report-on-Economic-Costs-of-Marine-Debris-to-APEC-Economies."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14947","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14947","article-title":"Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: The first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples","volume":"5","author":"Lusher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"3","article-title":"The ocean plastic pollution challenge: Towards solutions in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Grantham Inst. Breifing Pap."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"224","article-title":"Silver tourism in the European union","volume":"18","author":"Zsarnoczky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoj. Tour. Geosites"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"UNWTO (2014). Glossary of Tourism Terms, UNWTO."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"210","article-title":"How much is a clean beach worth? The impact of litter on beach users in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa","volume":"96","author":"Ballance","year":"2000","journal-title":"S Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.05.007","article-title":"The economic cost and control of marine debris damage in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"54","author":"McIlgorm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-014-0015-8","article-title":"Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: more from the ocean than the land","volume":"49","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, S., Watkins, E., Farmer, A., Ten Brink, P., and Schweitzer, J.-P. (2015). The Economics of Marine Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3_14"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Hall, K. (2000). Impacts of Marine Debris and Oil. Impacts of Marine Debris and Oil: Economic and Social Costs to Coastal Communities, Shetland Islands Council, Environment & Transportation Department."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"FOA (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture Opportunities and challenges. Annu. Forum Proc. AHS Int., 3, 2312\u20132320."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"43","article-title":"The impact of microplastics on food safety: The case of fishery and aquaculture products","volume":"57","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"FAO Aquac. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/02755947.2011.590113","article-title":"Dungeness crab mortality due to lost traps and a cost\u2013benefit analysis of trap removal in Washington State waters of the Salish Sea","volume":"31","author":"Antonelis","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Oxford Economics Ltd (2014). The Economic Value of the EU Shipping Industry, Oxford Economics Ltd.. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecsa.eu\/images\/NEW_Position_Papers\/2017-02-27-Oxford-Economics-Update-2017---FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway, T., Haward, M., Mason, S.A., Hardesty, B.D., and Krause, S. (2020). Voices Science-Based Solutions to Plastic Pollution. One Earth, 5\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.01.004"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-3449(95)00034-8","article-title":"Plastic waste management in construction: technological and institutional issues","volume":"15","author":"Rebeiz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Valavanidis, A.A. (2016). Global Plastic Waste and Oceans Pollution Million Tons of Plastic Waste Have Gone Missing in the World Oceans, ResearchGate. Available online: http:\/\/www.plastic-resource-center.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Global-Plastic-Waste-and-Oceans%E2%80%99-Pollution-Million-tons-of-plastic-waste-have-gone-missing-in-the-world-oceans.pdf."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14612","article-title":"Structural studies reveal the molecular mechanism of PETase","volume":"285","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"177","article-title":"Plasma pyrolysis and gasification of plastics waste\u2013A review","volume":"69","author":"Dave","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Indus. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-7836(03)00214-5","article-title":"Ghost fishing by lost cod gill nets in the Baltic Sea","volume":"64","author":"Tschernij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"UNEP (2019, May 02). Single-Use Plastics: A Roadmap for Sustainability. Pl\u00e1sticos de Un Solo Uso Una Hoja Ruta Para la Sostenibilidad. Available online: https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/es\/resources\/informe\/plasticos-de-un-solo-uso-una-hoja-de-ruta-para-la-sostenibilidad."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental pollution of Bangladesh\u2013It\u2019s effect and control","volume":"51","author":"Alam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pulp Pap."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"241","article-title":"Of Sustainable development in Africa: Addressing the (In) congruence of plastic bag regulations with international trade rules","volume":"45","author":"Simo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brook. J. Int. L."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.05.002","article-title":"Why is the global governance of plastic failing the oceans?","volume":"51","author":"Dauvergne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.12388","article-title":"Plastic pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments: From local to global governance","volume":"25","author":"Vince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.45","article-title":"The United States requires effective federal policy to reduce marine plastic pollution","volume":"1","author":"Iverson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Ten Brink, P., Schweitzer, J.P., Watkins, E., and Howe, M. (2016). Plastics Marine Litter and the Circular Economy. Inst. Eur. Environ. Policy MAVA Found., 1\u201317. Available online: https:\/\/ieep.eu\/uploads\/articles\/attachments\/15301621-5286-43e3-88bd-bd9a3f4b849a\/IEEP_ACES_Plastics_Marine_Litter_Circular_Economy_briefing_final_April_2017.pdf?v=63664509972."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M., Klages, M., and Gutow, L. (2015). Regulation and Management of Marine Litter. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.09.004","article-title":"Charges for plastic bags: Motivational and behavioral effects","volume":"40","author":"Jakovcevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2012.06.009","article-title":"Analysis of the plastic-bag levy in South Africa","volume":"66","author":"Dikgang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.01.023","article-title":"The Portuguese plastic carrier bag tax: The effects on consumers\u2019 behavior","volume":"61","author":"Martinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Baztan, J., Bergmann, M., Carrasco, A., Fossi, C., Jorgensen, B., Miguelez, A., Pahl, S., Thompson, R.C., and Vanderlinden, J.-P. (2019). Fate and Impact of Microplastics. Fate and Impact of Microplastics: Knowledge, Actions and Solutions, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Hardesty, B.D., Wilcox, C., Lawson, T.J., Lansdell, M., and van der Velde, T. (2014). Understanding the effects of marine debris on wildlife. A Final Rep. to Earthwatch Aust., Available online: https:\/\/publications.csiro.au\/rpr\/download?pid=csiro:EP138852&dsid=DS2."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Eik, A. (2005). Eco-Efficiency of Waste Management: A Case Study of the Norwegian Deposit and Recycling System for PET Bottles, Fakultet for ingeni\u00f8rvitenskap og teknologi."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/494174b","article-title":"Upcycle to eliminate waste","volume":"494","author":"Braungart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0304","article-title":"Applications and societal benefits of plastics","volume":"364","author":"Andrady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, M.N., Silva, A.M.T., and Pereira, M.F.R. (2019). Microplastics in the environment: A DPSIR analysis with focus on the responses. Sci. Total Environ., 134968.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134968"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2018, September 28). The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics. Available online: https:\/\/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/publications\/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Kershaw, P.J. (2020, January 01). Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics\u2013Global Lessons and Research to Inspire Action and Guide Policy Change. Available online: http:\/\/epubs.surrey.ac.uk\/829158\/."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.02.014","article-title":"A call for Canada to move toward zero plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics","volume":"133","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.10.273","article-title":"Study, design and analysis of sustainable alternatives to plastic takeaway cutlery and crockery","volume":"136","author":"Gautam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.08.009","article-title":"Solutions for global marine litter pollution","volume":"28","author":"Savelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11387","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11387","article-title":"Accumulation of nanoparticles in \u201cjellyfish\u201d mucus: A bio-inspired route to decontamination of nano-waste","volume":"5","author":"Patwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat0131","article-title":"The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade","volume":"4","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Cole, C. (2019, September 03). China bans foreign waste\u2013but what will happen to the world\u2019s recycling?. Scientific American, Available online: https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/china-bans-foreign-waste-but-what-will-happen-to-the-worlds-recycling\/."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"McClenaghan, M. (2019, September 03). Data: UK Exporting Two Thirds of Plastic Waste Amidst Concerns Over Illegal Practice. Available online: https:\/\/unearthed.greenpeace.org\/2017\/03\/13\/data-uk-exporting-two-thirds-plastic-waste-amidst-concerns-illegal-practice\/."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"32","article-title":"Plastic Debris in the World\u2019s Oceans Greenpeace","volume":"1","author":"Allsopp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Open Access Library J."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Ocean Conservancy (2018). Building a Clean Swell 2018 Report, Ocean Conservancy. Available online: https:\/\/oceanconservancy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Building-A-Clean-Swell.pdf."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.11.041","article-title":"Fishing for Litter in the Adriatic-Ionian macroregion (Mediterranean Sea): Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats","volume":"100","author":"Ronchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Heistad, K. (2019, April 09). Makroplast ved Norsj\u00f8, Telemark: Kartlegging og kategorisering av makroplast langs utvalgte strandlinjer ved ferskvann basert p\u00e5 Guideline for Monitoring Marine Litter on the Beaches in the OSPAR Maritime Area. Available online: https:\/\/openarchive.usn.no\/usn-xmlui\/handle\/11250\/2455553."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"UNEP\/MAP (2013). Regional Plan for the Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean. UNEP (DEPI)\/MED WG. 379\/5, 28. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/meetings\/mar\/mcbem-2014-03\/other\/mcbem-2014-03-120-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"OSPAR (2019, February 13). Background Report on Fishing-for-Litter Activities in the OSPAR Region. Available online: https:\/\/www.pame.is\/document-library\/desktop-study-on-marine-litter-library\/marine-litter-resoponses\/595-ospar-commissio-2014-regional-action-plan-for\/file."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32607","article-title":"Projected change in global fisheries revenues under climate change","volume":"6","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0207","article-title":"Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment","volume":"364","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.11.019","article-title":"Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments from Norderney","volume":"186","author":"Dekiff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., and Klages, M. (2015). Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16510-3"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C.K., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Alt, C.H.S., Amaro, T., Bergmann, M., Canals, M., Davies, J., Duineveld, G., Galgani, F., and Howell, K.L. (2014). Marine litter distribution and density in European seas, from the shelves to deep basins. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095839"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.10.020","article-title":"Floating marine debris in fjords, gulfs and channels of southern Chile","volume":"58","author":"Hinojosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(99)00234-9","article-title":"Litter on the sea floor along European coasts","volume":"40","author":"Galgani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9625-x","article-title":"Survey on awareness and attitudes of secondary school students regarding plastic pollution: Implications for environmental education and public health in Sharjah city, UAE","volume":"24","author":"Hammami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.08.026","article-title":"Daily accumulation rates of marine debris on sub-Antarctic island beaches","volume":"66","author":"Eriksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2015.00087","article-title":"Marine litter, future prospects for research","volume":"2","author":"Galgani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"The European Commission of Science for Environment Policy (2020, April 11). Plastic Waste: Ecological and Human Health Impacts. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/integration\/research\/newsalert\/pdf\/IR1_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Google Scholar Search. Average number of publication on marine plastic litter pollution from 2010\u20132020. Search conducted on 28 August 2020."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/11287462.2018.1441780","article-title":"Hidden concerns of sharing research data by low\/middle-income country scientists","volume":"29","author":"Bezuidenhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Bioeth."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Mahrad, B., Newton, A., Icely, J.D., Kacimi, I., Abalansa, S., and Snoussi, M. (2020). Contribution of remote sensing technologies to a holistic coastal and marine environmental management framework: A review. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142313"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-007-1658-3","article-title":"Africa\u2019s contribution to the worldwide research literature: New analytical perspectives, trends, and performance indicators","volume":"71","author":"Tijssen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Kariuki, T. (2020, May 06). Africa Produces just 1.1% of Global Scientific Knowledge\u2014But Change Is Coming. Guard, 26 October 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development-professionals-network\/2015\/oct\/26\/africa-produces-just-11-of-global-scientific-knowledge."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.10.049","article-title":"Marine litter education boosts children\u2019s understanding and self-reported actions","volume":"90","author":"Hartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, M., and Lambert, S. (2018). Freshwater Microplastics: Emerging Environmental Contaminants, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61615-5"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"73","article-title":"MARPOL 73\/78: The Challenges of Regulating Vessel-Source Oil Pollution","volume":"2","author":"Szepes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Manch. Rev. L. Crime Ethics"},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"147","article-title":"Modern equipment for waste management on ruise ships","volume":"3","author":"Matulja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pomor. Zb."},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"De Vreede, B., Zeddeman, A., Adamczyk, V., Brito, I., Aberson, K., Meddens, L., Denayer, M., Koene, J., and Dik, A. (2020, July 07). Plastic Soup. Available online: https:\/\/beagleplasticsoep.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/04\/plastic_soup_mapping_the_first_steps_towards_solutions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Shevealy, S., Courtney, K., and Parks, J.E. (2020, May 06). The Honolulu Strategy: A Global Framework for Prevention and Management of Marine Debris, Available online: https:\/\/marinedebris.noaa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications-files\/Honolulu_Strategy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fst122","article-title":"Marine litter within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive","volume":"70","author":"Galgani","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Requirements and options","volume":"25187","author":"Zampoukas","year":"2012","journal-title":"JRC Sci. Tech. Rep. Publ. Off. Eur. Union EUR"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabuenca, B., Kalz, M., and L\u00f6hr, A. (2019). Massive open online education for environmental activism: The worldwide problem of marine litter. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102860"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2013.07.010","article-title":"Socio-ecological accounting: DPSWR, a modified DPSIR framework, and its application to marine ecosystems","volume":"94","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00230","article-title":"A typology of stakeholders and guidelines for engagement in transdisciplinary, participatory processes","volume":"3","author":"Newton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:24:11Z","timestamp":1760178251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/20\/8677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su12208677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12208677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]}}}