{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:00:59Z","timestamp":1770958859171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud. Junta de Andaluc\u00eda Spain","award":["0094 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0094 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish government declared a State of Emergency, and domestic passenger ship traffic was restricted in Spanish ports. This manuscript presents scenarios of emissions from domestic shipping traffic in the seas of the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) over three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emissions were estimated for only 90 days of the pandemic, and two scenarios were studied: emissions while vessels were berthed at the Algeciras Port and emissions as a consequence of the interruption of passenger ship transportation in the Strait of Gibraltar. To this end, the authors\u2019 own model was used, which has near zero uncertainties. This model was used for the first time in this study and takes into account both meteorological and sea condition parameters, as well as the efficiency of the propulsion system. The manuscript concentrates on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM) from six Ro-Pax ships that ceased to operate. The main finding is that as a consequence of the pandemic, reductions of up to 12% were found in the Strait of Gibraltar in all the pollutants and GHGs when taking into account all international traffic, while the decrease in emissions from domestic traffic only reached 51%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"10368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Calculating a Drop in Carbon Emissions in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) from Domestic Shipping Traffic Caused by the COVID-19 Crisis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Grados","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Amado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Calderay-Cayetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"P\u00e1jaro-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ram\u00edrez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia I. V.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafael A. O.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria C. M.","family":"Alvim-Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Moreno-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, College of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"},{"name":"School of Marine, Nautical and Radioelectronics Engineering, University of C\u00e1diz, Pol\u00edgono R\u00edo San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BOE n\u00fam (2020, April 30). 141, de 19 de mayo de 2020, P\u00e1ginas 33496 a 33503. Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana. 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