{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:47:13Z","timestamp":1776077233483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concept of sustainability and the utilization of renewable bio-based sources have gained prominent attention in the construction industry. Material selection in construction plays a significant role in design and manufacturing process of sustainable building construction. Several studies are being carried out worldwide to investigate the potential use of natural fibres as reinforcement in concrete with its noticeable environmental benefits and mechanical properties. 3D printed concrete (3DPC) is another emerging technology, which has been under-developed for the past decade. The integration of reinforcement is one of the major challenges in the application of this new technology in real-life scenario. Presently, artificial fibres have been used as a reinforcement material for this special printable concrete mixture. However, natural fibre composites have received significant attention by many 3DPC constructions due to their lightweight energy conservation and environmentally friendly nature. These benchmarking characteristics unlock the wider area of natural fibres into the composite sector and challenge the substitution of artificial fibres. Hence, this paper presents a comprehensive review on the current practice and advantages of natural fibres in conventional concrete construction. Subsequently, with a view to the future efficient 3DPC construction, the potentials of natural fibres such as eco-friendly, higher impact, thermal, structural, and fire performance over the artificial fibres were highlighted, and their applicability in 3DPC as composites was recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T21:11:02Z","timestamp":1608066662000},"page":"10485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Sustainable and Renewable Bio-Based Natural Fibres and Its Application for 3D Printed Concrete: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1129-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salmabanu","family":"Luhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Thadshajini","family":"Suntharalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satheeskumar","family":"Navaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Luhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan 333001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0207-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Thamboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil 32360, Sri Lanka"}]},{"given":"Keerthan","family":"Poologanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"given":"Perampalam","family":"Gatheeshgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2010.529299","article-title":"A Review on the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for the Development of Roselle Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composite","volume":"7","author":"Thiruchitrambalam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.172","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of flax-fibre reinforced epoxidized linseed oil composite with a flame retardant for electronic applications","volume":"133","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.03.061","article-title":"Determination of mechanical properties of intra-layer abaca\u2013jute\u2013glass fiber reinforced composite","volume":"60","author":"Ramnath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.01.010","article-title":"A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites","volume":"42","author":"Ku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.10.001","article-title":"Critical factors on manufacturing processes of natural fibre composites","volume":"43","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.10.050","article-title":"Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: Feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry","volume":"66","author":"Sapuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.05.005","article-title":"Estimation of the tensile strength of an oriented flax fiber-reinforced polymer composite","volume":"42","author":"Andersons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bismarck, A., Mishra, S., and Lampke, T. (2005). Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Green Composites, Informa UK Limited.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203508206.ch2"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Markets and Markets Research (2010). Global Biomaterial Market, Markets and Markets Research."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7458-7","article-title":"Developing plant fibre composites for structural applications by optimising composite parameters: A critical review","volume":"48","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750507500206","article-title":"Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Asphalt Concrete","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2008.12.016","article-title":"Structure, mechanical properties and friction behavior of UHMWPE\/HDPE\/carbon nanofibers","volume":"115","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.03.015","article-title":"New thermal insulation boards made from coconut husk and bagasse","volume":"43","author":"Panyakaew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017969916020","article-title":"Deformation mechanisms in cellulose fibres, paper and wood","volume":"36","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(97)00042-0","article-title":"The influence of fiber-surface treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-polypropylene composites","volume":"28","author":"Gassan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3182\/20130911-3-BR-3021.00126","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing and its future impact in logistics","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-5805(96)00166-5","article-title":"Exploratory investigation of solid freeform construction","volume":"5","author":"Pegna","year":"1997","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B., Xia, M., and Sanjayan, M.X.A.J. (July, January 28). Current Progress of 3D Concrete Printing Technologies. Proceedings of the 34th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.017","article-title":"Hardened properties of 3D printed concrete: The influence of process parameters on interlayer adhesion","volume":"119","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Sakka, F., and Hamzeh, F. (2017, January 9\u201312). 3D Concrete Printing in the Service of Lean Construction. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.24928\/2017\/0246"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WINSUN (2020, October 23). The World\u2019s First 3D-Printed Office Building Is in Dubai. Available online: http:\/\/www.winsun3d.com."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Vision of 3D printing with concrete\u2014Technical, economic and environmental potentials","volume":"112","author":"Lesage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J.G., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). Chapter 6\u20143D Concrete Printing: Machine Design, Mix Proportioning, and Mix Comparison Between Different Machine Setups. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0571-0","article-title":"Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques","volume":"49","author":"Perrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.031","article-title":"Experimental study on mix proportion and fresh properties of fly ash based geopolymer for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.09.016","article-title":"The differential drying shrinkage effect on the concrete surface damage: Experimental and numerical study","volume":"102","author":"Samouh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious materials for construction-scale 3D printing: Laboratory testing of fresh printing mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9418(03)00071-0","article-title":"Analysis of the tensile strength of polyester\/hybrid ramie\u2013cotton fabric composites","volume":"23","author":"Fonseca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.04.008","article-title":"Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review","volume":"32","author":"Akil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(98)00018-5","article-title":"Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres","volume":"24","author":"Bledzki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20461","article-title":"Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites","volume":"29","author":"John","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Madsen, B. (2004). Properties of Plant Fiber Yarn Polymer Composites: An Experimental Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1428.1722","article-title":"Vegetal fibers in polymeric composites: A review","volume":"25","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10556","article-title":"Jute felt composite from lignin modified phenolic resin","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-008-9079-x","article-title":"Influence of Fibre Orientation on Friction and Sliding Wear Behaviour of Jute Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composite","volume":"16","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.10.022","article-title":"Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites","volume":"18","author":"Alves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684408100700","article-title":"The Influence of Oligomeric Siloxane Concentration on the Mechanical Behaviors of Alkalized Jute\/Modified Epoxy Composites","volume":"29","author":"Sarikanat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684410364680","article-title":"Preparation and mechanical characterization of jute reinforced polypropylene\/natural rubber composite","volume":"29","author":"Zaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.20230","article-title":"Effects of alkali and silane treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-fiber-reinforced recycled polypropylene composites","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vinyl Addit. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998309360939","article-title":"The Mechanical Properties of \u03b3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane-treated Jute\/Polyester Composites","volume":"44","author":"Sever","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2006.08.002","article-title":"Elastic properties, notched strength and fracture criterion in untreated woven jute\u2013glass fabric reinforced polyester hybrid composites","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20001128)78:9<1671::AID-APP130>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Novel low-cost jute\u2013polyester composites. III. Weathering and thermal behavior","volume":"78","author":"Dash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Poly."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2005.11.002","article-title":"Relationship between water absorption and dielectric behaviour of natural fibre composite materials","volume":"25","author":"Fraga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(01)00096-3","article-title":"Impact fatigue behaviour of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres","volume":"33","author":"Ray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(02)00005-2","article-title":"Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of vinylester-resin-matrix composites reinforced with untreated and alkali-treated jute fibres","volume":"62","author":"Ray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.12.006","article-title":"Functionalization, compatibilization and properties of polypropylene composites with Hemp fibres","volume":"66","author":"Pracella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.02.018","article-title":"Determination of interfacial shear strength of white rot fungi treated hemp fibre reinforced polypropylene","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.02.037","article-title":"The effect of chelator and white rot fungi treatments on long hemp fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.12.010","article-title":"Rigidity analysis of polypropylene\/vegetal fibre composites after recycling","volume":"94","author":"Bourmaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2009.1037","article-title":"Effect of Fibre Architecture on the Falling Weight Impact Properties of Hemp\/Epoxy Composites","volume":"3","author":"Santulli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2009.1040","article-title":"Impact Load Behaviour of Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) Hemp Fibre Composite Laminates","volume":"3","author":"Scarponi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2003.08.002","article-title":"Composite micromechanics of hemp fibres and epoxy resin microdroplets","volume":"64","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.02.001","article-title":"Reinforcement of plasticized wheat gluten with natural fibers: From mechanical improvement to deplasticizing effect","volume":"39","author":"Kunanopparat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.08.006","article-title":"Plasticized wheat gluten reinforcement with natural fibers: Effect of thermal treatment on the fiber\/matrix adhesion","volume":"39","author":"Kunanopparat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.41-42.313","article-title":"Study on Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites (RF-PP) and its Mechanical Properties","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-008-0986-7","article-title":"Biodegradable Composites: Ramie Fibre Reinforced PLLA-PCL Composite Prepared by in Situ Polymerization Process","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poly. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"514","article-title":"Kenaf Bast Fiber Bundle\u2013Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites. III: Statistical Strength Characteristics and Cost-Performance Analyses","volume":"60","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2010.10","article-title":"Mechanical properties and environmental stress cracking resistance of rubber toughened polyester\/kenaf composite","volume":"4","author":"Bonnia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.03.017","article-title":"Contributions of feather fibers and various cellulose fibers to the mechanical properties of polypropylene matrix composites","volume":"66","author":"Bullions","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/87072","article-title":"Studies on the Polypropylene Composites Reinforced by Ramier Fiber andK2Ti6O13Whisker","volume":"2007","author":"Long","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Lett. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.10.027","article-title":"Aligned ramie fiber reinforced arylated soy protein composites with improved properties","volume":"69","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.06.004","article-title":"Effect of fiber loading and chemical treatments on thermophysical properties of banana fiber\/polypropylene commingled composite materials","volume":"39","author":"Paul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2010.512324","article-title":"The Preparation and Characterization of Esterified Banana Trunk Fibers\/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blend Film","volume":"49","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2009.11.034","article-title":"Study mechanical, swelling and dielectric properties of prehydrolysed banana fiber\u2014Waste polyurethane foam composites","volume":"80","author":"Mohamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2008.120","article-title":"Influence of compounding processes and fibre length on the mechanical properties of abaca fibre-polypropylene composites","volume":"53","author":"Bledzki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2007.104","article-title":"Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites and comparison with jute and flax fibre PP composites","volume":"1","author":"Bledzki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.12.004","article-title":"Mechanical property improvement of unsaturated polyester composite reinforced with admicellar-treated sisal fibers","volume":"40","author":"Sangthong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2009.04.027","article-title":"Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of randomly oriented natural fibers\/polyester hybrid composite","volume":"517","author":"Athijayamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.08.002","article-title":"Effect of sisal fibre orientation on electrical properties of sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites","volume":"36","author":"Chand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2009.04.005","article-title":"Mechanical properties and flammability of sisal\/PP composites: Effect of flame retardant type and content","volume":"40","author":"Suppakarn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200400132","article-title":"A Review on Pineapple Leaf Fibers, Sisal Fibers and Their Biocomposites","volume":"289","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.47-50.674","article-title":"Polycarbonate with Pineapple Leaf Fiber to Produce Functional Composites","volume":"47","author":"Threepopnatkul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.05.013","article-title":"Silane treatment of bagasse fiber for reinforcement of cementitious composites","volume":"39","author":"Bilba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.12.072","article-title":"Creep behavior of bagasse fiber reinforced polymer composites","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.03.009","article-title":"Environmental benefits of substituting talc by sugarcane bagasse fibers as reinforcement in polypropylene composites: Ecodesign and LCA as strategy for automotive components","volume":"54","author":"Luz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.01.014","article-title":"Mechanical behavior and microstructural analysis of sugarcane bagasse fibers reinforced polypropylene composites","volume":"38","author":"Luz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.11.019","article-title":"Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure","volume":"43","author":"Dittenber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201400089","article-title":"A Review: Natural Fiber Composites Selection in View of Mechanical, Light Weight, and Economic Properties","volume":"300","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Misra, M., and Kar, P. (2004). Natural Fibers, Plastics and Composites, Springer."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(96)00109-1","article-title":"Effect of surface treatments on the electrical properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with short sisal fibers","volume":"57","author":"Paul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"3","article-title":"Characterization of Natural Fibers","volume":"1","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Biopolym. Homopolymers Blends Compos."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2018.05.005","article-title":"Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites","volume":"97","author":"Bourmaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"129","article-title":"Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites","volume":"44","author":"Taj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Misra, M., Pandey, J.K., and Mohanty, A.K. (2015). Studies on mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of biocomposites from biodegradable polymer blends and natural fibers. Biocomposites, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Eder, M., and Burgert, I. (2010). Natural Fibres\u2014Function in Nature. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.094","article-title":"Plant fibre based bio-composites: Sustainable and renewable green materials","volume":"79","author":"Ramesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Natural fiber polymer composites: A review","volume":"18","author":"Saheb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Poly. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1002\/app.10229","article-title":"Thermal degradation of flax: The determination of kinetic parameters with thermogravimetric analysis","volume":"83","author":"Kiekens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2012.04.001","article-title":"Tensile and flexural properties of snake grass natural fiber reinforced isophthallic polyester composites","volume":"72","author":"Sathishkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.07.014","article-title":"In State of Art: Mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymeric composites based on natural fibres","volume":"48","author":"Shalwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.12.005","article-title":"Performance of \u201cAgave lecheguilla\u201d natural fiber in portland cement composites exposed to severe environment conditions","volume":"42","author":"Juarez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(00)00101-9","article-title":"Sisal fibre and its composites: A review of recent developments","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00084-8","article-title":"Studies on mechanical performance of biofibre\/glass reinforced polyester hybrid composites","volume":"63","author":"Mishra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998312446499","article-title":"Statistical design of polymeric composites reinforced with banana fibres and silica microparticles","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.035","article-title":"Cellulosic fiber reinforced cement-based composites: A review of recent research","volume":"79","author":"Ardanuy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00096-4","article-title":"Natural fibres: Can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics?","volume":"63","author":"Wambua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-014-1927-8","article-title":"Mechanical properties and water absorption of short snake grass fiber reinforced isophthallic polyester composites","volume":"15","author":"Sathishkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1081\/PPT-120017956","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Kenaf\u2013Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Composites","volume":"42","author":"Sameni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2003.12.001","article-title":"Mechanical performance of woodfibre\u2013waste plastic composite materials","volume":"41","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(01)00089-7","article-title":"Polypropylene\/wood flour composites: Treatments and properties","volume":"54","author":"Ichazo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-009-0083-z","article-title":"Fabrication of long and discontinuous natural fiber reinforced polypropylene biocomposites and their mechanical properties","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2007.10.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and kenaf\/PLA composites","volume":"40","author":"Ochi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/15440470801901480","article-title":"Green Composites from Natural Fibers and Natural Rubber: Effect of Fiber Ratio on Mechanical and Swelling Characteristics","volume":"5","author":"John","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.07.033","article-title":"Chemical resistance, void content and tensile properties of oil palm\/jute fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites","volume":"32","author":"Jawaid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(02)00098-2","article-title":"A comparison of the mechanical properties of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with banana fibres and glass fibres","volume":"62","author":"Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2003.10.001","article-title":"The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites: Part 1\u2014polyester resin matrix","volume":"64","author":"Aziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.12.051","article-title":"The mechanical properties, deformation and thermomechanical properties of alkali treated and untreated Agave continuous fibre reinforced epoxy composites","volume":"32","author":"Mylsamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00909-2","article-title":"Flexural behavior of bamboo\u2013fiber-reinforced mortar laminates","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1163\/156855402760194692","article-title":"Effect of fiber surface treatments on the fiber\u2013matrix interaction in banana fiber reinforced polyester composites","volume":"9","author":"Pothen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2020, December 03). Ekhlas Aboud Osman Al-Bahadly, The Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Composites, Faculty of Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-mechanical-properties-of-natural-fiber-Al-Bahadly\/0d6950db0bb7774113f041db1c75e2b88176e8ae#paper-header."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/073168449701600806","article-title":"Short Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: Mechanical, Failure and Aging Characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Pothan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2004.09.006","article-title":"Impact strength of a few natural fibre reinforced cement mortar slabs: A comparative study","volume":"27","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083716644290","article-title":"The effect of hybridization on significant characteristics of jute\/glass and jute\/carbon-reinforced composites","volume":"47","author":"Sezgin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"55","article-title":"Study on Water Absorption Behaviour of Jute and Kenaf Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Hybridization Effect of E-Glass Fabric","volume":"2016","author":"Yogesha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23915","article-title":"Hybrid composites based on sisal fibers and silica nanoparticles","volume":"39","author":"Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684407087755","article-title":"The Effect of Different Laminations on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Hybrid Composites","volume":"28","author":"Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.03.039","article-title":"Impact and fatigue behaviour of hemp fibre composites","volume":"67","author":"Yuanjian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.01.002","article-title":"Mechanical properties of PLA composites with man-made cellulose and abaca fibres","volume":"40","author":"Bledzki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"108","article-title":"Applications of Natural Fibers and Its Composites: An Overview","volume":"7","author":"Sanjay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"374","article-title":"Effect of Fiber Loading on Mechanical Properties of Borassus Seed Shoot Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites","volume":"3","author":"Ramanaiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.01.007","article-title":"Evaluation of interphase properties in a cellulose fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite by nanoindentation and finite element analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2009.07.014","article-title":"Development of a standardized procedure for the characterization of interlaminar delamination propagation in advanced composites under fatigue mode I loading conditions","volume":"76","author":"Brunner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.09.048","article-title":"Tensile static and fatigue behaviour of sisal fibres","volume":"46","author":"Belaadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2008.08.011","article-title":"Prediction of fatigue resistance of short-fibre-reinforced polymers","volume":"31","author":"Dick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.006","article-title":"Fracture and fatigue of natural fiber-reinforced cementitious composites","volume":"31","author":"Junior","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Engineering, technology, A Review on Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites","volume":"73","author":"Debnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23240","article-title":"Development of biodegradable composites with treated and compatibilized lignocellulosic fibers","volume":"100","author":"Tserki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"101","article-title":"Fatigue Properties of Highly Oriented Polypropylene Tapes and All-Polypropylene Composites","volume":"16","author":"Barkoula","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2012.11.009","article-title":"Dielectric behaviour of PP\/jute yarn commingled composites: Effect of fibre content, chemical treatments, temperature and moisture","volume":"47","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.028","article-title":"Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch\/Agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties","volume":"89","author":"Jumaidin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.008","article-title":"Characteristics of kenaf fibre\/epoxy composites subjected to thermal degradation","volume":"98","author":"Azwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.04.020","article-title":"Effect of basalt fibre hybridisation on post-impact mechanical behaviour of hemp fibre reinforced composites","volume":"75","author":"Dhakal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.025","article-title":"Seawater ageing of flax\/poly(lactic acid) biocomposites","volume":"94","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998311410488","article-title":"Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute\/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites","volume":"46","author":"Zamri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.05.009","article-title":"Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell","volume":"161","author":"Din","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(02)00185-9","article-title":"The thermal and crystallisation studies of short sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites","volume":"34","author":"Joseph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10555","article-title":"Effect of compatibilizer on the structure-property relationships of kenaf-fiber\/polypropylene composites","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1989.070370305","article-title":"Studies on composites from wood and polypropylenes. II","volume":"37","author":"Takase","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.03.007","article-title":"Thermophysical properties of natural fibre reinforced polyester composites","volume":"66","author":"Idicula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.02.033","article-title":"Study on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of jute and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites","volume":"51","author":"Boopalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(16)60315-3","article-title":"Effect of Alkali and Silane Treatments on Mechanical and Fibre-matrix Bond Strength of Kenaf and Pineapple Leaf Fibres","volume":"13","author":"Asim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.10.048","article-title":"A study of the tensile behaviour of flax tows and their potential for composite processing","volume":"55","author":"Moothoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103855","article-title":"Extrusion-based concrete 3D printing from a material perspective: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"115","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101833","article-title":"3D printed concrete for large-scale buildings: An overview of rheology, printing parameters, chemical admixtures, reinforcements, and economic and environmental prospects","volume":"32","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.06.005","article-title":"Geopolymers reinforced by short and long fibres\u2014Innovative materials for additive manufacturing","volume":"28","author":"Korniejenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.08.011","article-title":"Portland cement paste with aligned carbon fibers exhibiting exceptionally high flexural strength (>100 MPa)","volume":"89","author":"Hambach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"101069","article-title":"Effects of deposition velocity in the presence\/absence of E6-glass fibre on extrusion-based 3D printed mortar","volume":"32","author":"Shakor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B., Vijay, P., Sanjayan, J., Nazari, A., Xia, M., Nerella, V.N., and Mechtcherine, V. (2018). Effect of Polypropylene Fibre Addition on Properties of Geopolymers Made by 3D Printing for Digital Construction. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122352"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.939.155","article-title":"Effect of Type of Fiber on Inter-Layer Bond and Flexural Strengths of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Geopolymer","volume":"939","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., and Leung, C.K. (2018). Impact of 3D Printing Direction on Mechanical Performance of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite (SHCC), Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9_24"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogura, H., Nerella, V.N., and Mechtcherine, V. (2018). Developing and Testing of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCC) in the Context of 3D-Printing. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081375"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.001","article-title":"Properties of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced Portland cement paste","volume":"79","author":"Hambach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Shakor, P., Nejadi, S., and Paul, G. (2018, January 26\u201327). An investigation into the behaviour of cementitious mortar in the construction of 3D printed members by the means of extrusion printing. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on 3D Construction Printing (3DcP), Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1548069","article-title":"Ductility of 3D printed concrete reinforced with short straight steel fibers","volume":"14","author":"Bos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.195","article-title":"Mechanical properties of layered geopolymer structures applicable in concrete 3D-printing","volume":"176","author":"Nazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, S., Li, L., and Kwan, A. (2020). Development of extrudable high strength fiber reinforced concrete incorporating nano calcium carbonate. Addit. Manuf., 101617.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101617"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118785","article-title":"Steel fibres reinforced 3D printed concrete: Influence of fibre sizes on mechanical performance","volume":"250","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119546","article-title":"Development of 3D-printable ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete for digital construction","volume":"257","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.10.011","article-title":"Mechanical properties of short-flax-fibre reinforced compounds","volume":"37","author":"Bos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korniejenko, K., \u0141ach, M., Chou, S.-Y., Lin, W.-T., Cheng, A., Hebdowska-Krupa, M., G\u0105dek, S., and Miku\u0142a, J. (2020). Mechanical Properties of Short Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers Made by Casted and 3D Printing Methods: A Comparative Study. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030579"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Chiusoli, A. (2020, October 30). The First 3D Printed House with Earth Gaia. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-house-gaia\/."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"John, V. (2020, November 01). This Company Is Building Hemp Houses Using 3D Printing. Available online: https:\/\/truththeory.com\/company-building-hemp-homes-using-3d-printing-technology\/."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J.G., Nazari, A., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). Chapter 5\u2014Properties of 3D-Printed Fiber-Reinforced Portland Cement Paste. 3D Concrete Printing Technology, Butterworth-Heinemann."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/24\/10485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:33Z","timestamp":1760179533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/24\/10485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["su122410485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su122410485","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}