{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:47:45Z","timestamp":1774435665182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The elaboration of City Development Strategies (CDS) helps cities to harness the potential of urbanization through strategic planning, and consequently to contribute to promoting development, balancing city growth, and empowering citizens. Continuous and sprawling development along with peri-urban areas has offered a vast and almost limitless nexus of villages\u2013towns upon which the intensifying needs of development, initiatives, and infrastructures can be grafted. Considering the significant role of constructed nexuses in growth and resilience, and thus in planning for the sustainable development of such urban\u2013rural areas, this study will advance the development of a model of the Urban\u2013Rural Reef ecosystem through discovering its main attributes. In doing so, Aveiro has been distinguished as an urban\u2013rural reef to describe such a case study\u2019s characteristics and to extract the indicators of peri-urban sustainable development strategies. In the next step, the assessment of the peri-urban development strategy (PDS) has been accomplished by using the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDM) method and applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. Finally, a conclusion has been presented based on the findings for Aveiro urban\u2013rural reefs containing the analysis results and offering some solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1608523921000},"page":"10653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transitions between Centralization and Metapolization: From City Development Strategy (CDS) to Peri-Urban Development Strategy (PDS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-5244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedigheh","family":"Asefi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Economia, Gest\u00e3o, Engenharia Industrial e Turismo, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Economia, Gest\u00e3o, Engenharia Industrial e Turismo, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Pol\u00edticas e do Territ\u00f3rio, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2016, July 09). A City that Plans: Reinventing urban Planning. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/4a540597-en.","DOI":"10.18356\/4a540597-en"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104300","article-title":"Governing Suburbia through regionalized land-use planning? Experiences from the Greater Frankfurt region","volume":"91","author":"Monstadt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104433","article-title":"How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban\u2013rural interface? Evidence from Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei metropolitan region in China","volume":"92","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.09.011","article-title":"Innovation intermediaries and collaboration: Knowledge\u2013based practices and internal value creation","volume":"47","author":"Howells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United (1947). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Int. Organ., 1, 350\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818300006160"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Cities as Coral Reefs: Using Rugosity to Measure Metabolism across the Urban Interface","volume":"4452","author":"Brinkley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9038-5","article-title":"Mountain hazards and the resilience of social\u2013ecological systems: Lessons learned in India and Canada","volume":"41","author":"Gardner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e00707","article-title":"The mutual benefits of promoting rural-urban interdependence through linked ecosystem services","volume":"20","author":"Gebre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablonski, B., Carolan, M., Hale, J., Thilmany, D., Love, E., Christensen, L.O., Covey, T., Bellows, L.L., Cleary, R., and David, O. (2019). Connecting Urban Food Plans to the Countryside: Leveraging Denver\u2019s Food Vision to Explore Meaningful Rural\u2013Urban Linkages. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11072022"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kapfudzaruwa, F., Kudo, S., Matsuyama, K., and Allasiw, D.I. (2020, December 07). Rural-Urban Linkages and Sustainable Development: Case Studies from Africa. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.pt\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4sXjDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=rural+and+urban+linkages&ots=EQ34yy1kHL&sig=1RYPfhMcNtbEJ5yiFjwtpoB_ZDk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rural and urban linkages&f=false."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2020, April 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/eb055234\/full\/html."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2020, April 01). UN-Habitat. Available online: https:\/\/www.habitat3.org\/the-new-urban-agenda."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/0885412217726772","article-title":"Fringe Benefits: Adding Rugosity to the Urban Interface in Theory and Practice","volume":"33","author":"Brinkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2010.02.005","article-title":"Applying the lessons of strategic urban planning learned in the developing world to the Netherlands: A case study of three industrial area development projects","volume":"34","author":"Dewulf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Econ analysis and Centre for Local Government (2005). The Impacts of City Development Strategies, University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60901-1","article-title":"Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: Report of The Rockefeller Foundation\u2013Lancet Commission on planetary health","volume":"386","author":"Whitmee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccini, P., and Brunner, P.H. (2012). Metabolism of the Anthroposphere, Springer.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8720.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.10.007","article-title":"A multi-scenario forecast of urban change: A study on urban growth in the Algarve","volume":"104","author":"Nijkamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.058","article-title":"Analyzing the relationship between urbanization, food supply and demand, and irrigation requirements in Jordan","volume":"636","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"United Nations Industrial Development Organization (2016). Integrated Planning & Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities Synthesis Report, United Nations Industrial Development Organization."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Blackwell, W. (2014, June 01). Cities of Tomorrow. Available online: https:\/\/1lib.eu\/book\/2455911\/81b95c."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"129","article-title":"The charmed circle: Von Thunen and agriculture around nineteenth century London (teaching material)","volume":"72","author":"Atkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geography"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/088122017001002","article-title":"Does Sustainable Development Offer a New Direction for Planning? Challenges for the Twenty-First Century","volume":"17","author":"Berke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.11.026","article-title":"A novel understanding of land use characteristics caused by mining activities: A case study of Wu\u2019an, China","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"69","article-title":"Planning and land policy tools for limiting urban sprawl: The example of Belgrade","volume":"1","author":"Bolay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spatium"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101867","article-title":"Modeling and urban planning: A systematic review of performance-based approaches","volume":"52","author":"Pelorosso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020, December 07). The View from Kiberia Slum City Development Strategy Guidelines: Driving Urban Performance. Available online: https:\/\/araburban.org\/files\/file\/cds-gudelines-final-march06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2016.1189348","article-title":"City development strategy: Theoretical background, themes, and building blocks","volume":"20","author":"Rasoolimanesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.01.024","article-title":"High rugosity cities: The geographic, economic and regulatory pathology of America\u2019s most non-concentric urban areas","volume":"73","author":"Brinkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, J.A.R., and Seixas, J. (2018). Cities and urbanisation in democratic Portugal. M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e.","DOI":"10.4000\/mediterranee.10698"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martine, G., McGranahan, G., Montgomery, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Castilla, R. (2012). The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century, Earthscan.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849773157"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105723","article-title":"Is urban sprawl linked to green space availability?","volume":"108","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Nilsson, K., Nielsen, T.S., Aalbers, C., Bell, S., Boitier, B., Chery, J.P., Fertner, C., Groschowski, M., Haase, D., and Loibl, W. (2014). Strategies for sustainable urban development and urban-rural linkages. Eur. J. Spat. Dev., Available online: http:\/\/www.nordregio.se\/EJSD\/."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"88","article-title":"Fringe Benefits","volume":"2","author":"Brinkley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2015, May 25). Challenges of Small and Medium\u2014Sized Urban Areas (SMUAs), their Economic Growth Potential and Impact on Territorial Development in the European Union and Latvia. Available online: https:\/\/www.eukn.eu\/fileadmin\/Files\/Presidencies\/2015_Latvia\/LatvianPresidency-2015_Final_Report_.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahendru, M. (2020). Financial well-being for a sustainable society: A road less travelled. Qual. Res. Organ. Manag. Int. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/QROM-03-2020-1910"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980020080681","article-title":"The Vitality and Viability of Town Centres","volume":"37","author":"Ravenscroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X00000413","article-title":"Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment","volume":"1","author":"Arrow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X08315889","article-title":"The Evolution of Built Landscapes in Metropolitan Regions","volume":"27","author":"Wheeler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103733","article-title":"The peri-urbanization of Europe: A systematic review of a multifaceted process","volume":"196","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Francis, C. (2016). Awakening Community Intelligence_ CSA Farms as 21st Century Cornerstones. NACTA J., Available online: https:\/\/books.apple.com\/us\/book\/awakening-community-intelligence\/id992577430."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.02.014","article-title":"Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon","volume":"162","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098018800576","article-title":"Unbundling negative and positive externalities of nature in cities: The influence of wild animals on housing prices","volume":"56","author":"Broitman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020, January 24). Defining the Peri-Urban: Rural-Urban Linkages and Institutional Connections | D\u00e9finir les zones P\u00e9riurbaines: Liens avec les Milieux Ruraux et Urbains et Cadres Institutionnels. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/tempref\/docrep\/fao\/003\/X8050t\/X8050T03.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"125","article-title":"Peri-Urban Development as a Significant Rural Development Trend","volume":"37","author":"Kruzmetra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101419","article-title":"Resilience planning under information scarcity in fast growing African cities and towns: The CityRAP approach","volume":"44","author":"Spaliviero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.04.040","article-title":"The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"57","author":"Plieninger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Rocha, S.M., Zulian, G., Maes, J., and Thijssen, M. (2015). Mapping and assessment of urban ecosystems and their services. Jt. Res. Cent., Available online: https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/reader\/38631950."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Un-Habitat (2013). Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315857152"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1982). The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resource Allocation. Eur. J. Oper. Res., Available online: https:\/\/books.google.pt\/books?id=lfDXAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22Multicriteria+decision+making%22&dq=bibliogroup:%22Multicriteria+decision+making%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPx-GOoq3sAhVFhRoKHagcDkIQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1988). What is the Analytic Hierarchy Process?. Mathematical Models for Decision Support, Springer.","DOI":"10.13033\/isahp.y1988.042"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (2001). Fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The Analytic Hierarchy Process in Natural Resource and Environmental Decision Making, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9799-9_2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u0219chilean, I., and Giurca, I. (2018). Choosing a Water Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation Solution Using the Analytical Network Process Method. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10040484"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins, L.D. (2001). Multi-attribute Decision Making in Urban Studies. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/04437-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2016.1219702","article-title":"An application of an integrated ANP\u2013QFD framework for sustainable supplier selection","volume":"20","author":"Tavana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2020, October 11). The Environmental Implementation Review. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/eir\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, September 02). P. A. of C. and R. for Sustainable, Municipal Waste Management and covid-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.acrplus.org\/en\/municipal-waste-management-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Pereira, H.M., Domingos, T., and Vicente, L. (2004). Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Cent. Biol. Ambient. Fac. Ci\u00eancias Univ. Lisb., 27."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2020, September 07). D. de efluentes no R. Caima, Polui\u00e7\u00e3o do rio Caima junto \u00e0 ETAR de Ossela (Oliveira de Azem\u00e9is)\u2014Not\u00edcias de Aveiro. Available online: https:\/\/www.noticiasdeaveiro.pt\/poluicao-do-rio-caima-junto-a-etar-de-ossela-oliveira-de-azemeis\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Piorr, A., Zasada, I., Doernberg, A., Zoll, F., and Ramme, W. (2018). Research for AGRI Committee\u2014Urban and peri-urban agriculture in the EU, European Parliament."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2020, September 03). Portugal Farm Tours & Activities, Farm Tours & Activities in Portugal | Portugal Farm Experiences. Available online: https:\/\/www.portugalfarmexperience.com\/all-activities\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2015.12.007","article-title":"Community perceptions of renewable energies in Portugal: Impacts on environment, landscape and local development","volume":"13","author":"Delicado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, H., and Zhu, X. (2019). Exploring the Relationship between Urban Vitality and Street Centrality Based on Social Network Review Data in Wuhan, China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164356"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2017, September 01). Urban Resilience and Sustainability through Peri-Urban Ecosystems: Integrating CCA and DRR. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319877741_Urban_Resilience_and_Sustainability_Through_Peri-urban_Ecosystems_Integrating_CCA_and_DRR."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/24\/10653\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:38Z","timestamp":1760179658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/24\/10653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["su122410653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su122410653","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]]}}}