{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:16:36Z","timestamp":1777968996336,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["869884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even if the economy nowadays is still locked into a linear model of production, tighter environmental standards, resource scarcity and changing consumer expectations are forcing organizations to find alternatives to lighten their impacts. The concept of Circular Economy (CE) is to an increasing extent treated as a solution to this series of challenges. That said, the multitude of approaches and definitions around CE and Life Cycle Extension Strategies (LCES) makes it difficult to provide (Small and Medium Enterprise) SMEs with a consistent understanding of the topic. This paper aims at bridging this gap by providing a systematic literature review of the most prominent papers related to the CE and lifetime extension, with a particular focus on the equipment and machinery sector. A taxonomy was used to define and cluster a subset of selected papers to build a homogeneous approach for understanding the multiple strategies used in the industry, and the standards in maintenance and remanufacturing strategies. As a final research step, we also propose a Strategy Characterization Framework (SCF) to build the ground for the selection of the best strategy to be applied for production equipment life cycle extension on several industrial use cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1611229780000},"page":"1117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Circular Economy Strategies for Equipment Lifetime Extension: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fontana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Barni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, 6928 Manno, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Spirito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Trends and Opportunities, LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Tringale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Trends and Opportunities, LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Trends and Opportunities, LINKS Foundation, 10138 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSTEC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SYSTEC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-017-0502-9","article-title":"Advancing to a Circular Economy: Three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix","volume":"13","author":"Milios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org\/assets\/downloads\/schools-colleges\/Schools-Colleges-WLL-Lesson-Plan-3-F.pdf-page5."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041","article-title":"Circular Economy: The Concept and its Limitations","volume":"143","author":"Korhonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1021\/es034605h","article-title":"Sustainability Science and Engineering: The Emergence of a New Metadiscipline","volume":"37","author":"Mihelcic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Directorate-General for Communication (European Commission) (2020). Circular Economy Action Plan \u2013 For a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe, EU publications. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/jrc\/communities\/en\/community\/city-science-initiative\/document\/circular-economy-action-plan-cleaner-and-more-competitive."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"71","article-title":"Towards a circular economy\u2014How business model innovation will help to make the shift","volume":"20","author":"Planing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Glob."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1542176","article-title":"Challenges in supply chain redesign for the Circular Economy: A literature review and a multiple case study","volume":"57","author":"Bressanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, S., and Singh, S.P. (2019). Industry 4.0\u2014Challenges to implement circular economy. Benchmarking Int. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-12-2018-0430"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125618764692","article-title":"Managing a Complex Global Circular Economy Business Model: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"60","author":"Hopkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.04.027","article-title":"Digitalisation as an Enabler of Circular Economy","volume":"73","author":"Antikainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10272-018-0729-4","article-title":"Digitalisation as Enabler Towards a Sustainable Circular Economy in Germany","volume":"53","author":"Neligan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intereconomics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.035","article-title":"Digitalisation and intelligent robotics in value chain of circular economy oriented waste management\u2014A review","volume":"95","author":"Sarc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demestichas, K., and Daskalakis, E. (2020). Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187272"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1680896","article-title":"Assessing Relations Between Circular Economy and Industry 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"58","author":"Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressanelli, G., Adrodegari, F., Perona, M., and Saccani, N. (2018). Exploring how usage-focused business models enable circular economy through digital technologies. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030639"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, December 15). Prisma Statement, Flow diagram and Checklist. Available online: http:\/\/prisma-statement.org\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00485.x","article-title":"Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management","volume":"20","author":"Pullin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, A., and Stewart, G. (2012, January 11\u201313). Strategy taxonomy and classification system development\u2014Study of two state governments. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation & Technology (ICMIT), Sanur Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMIT.2012.6225794"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2307\/258089","article-title":"Toward a System for Classifying Business Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Chrisman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24212\/2179-3565.2017v8i3p3-15","article-title":"Six steps implementation framework for corporate sustainability performance management","volume":"8","author":"Tasleem","year":"2017","journal-title":"RISUS J. Innov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.011","article-title":"Development of a systematic framework for sustainability management of organizations","volume":"171","author":"Nawaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gallotta, B., Garza-Reyes, J.A., Anosike, T., Lim, M.K., and Roberts, I. (2016, January 6\u20138). A conceptual framework for the implementation of sustainability business processes. Proceedings of the 27th Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1658","article-title":"Review of Frameworks for Sustainability Implementation","volume":"25","author":"Chofreh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-019-00052-1","article-title":"Trends and Perspectives of Sustainable Product Design for Open Architecture Products: Facing the Circular Economy Model","volume":"6","author":"Mesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.329","article-title":"Review on upgradability\u2014A product lifetime extension strategy in the context of product service systems","volume":"204","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104437","article-title":"Advancing quantitative rigor in the circular economy literature: New methodology for product lifetime extension business models","volume":"150","author":"Ertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119137","article-title":"Circular economy indicators for organizations considering sustainability and business models: Plastic, textile and electro-electronic cases","volume":"247","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.08.027","article-title":"The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?\u2014Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options","volume":"135","author":"Reike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6341-2","article-title":"Maintenance policy optimization\u2014Literature review and directions","volume":"76","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.264","article-title":"Made to break? A taxonomy of business models on product lifetime extension","volume":"234","author":"Ertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.196","article-title":"Measuring circular economy strategies through index methods: A critical analysis","volume":"142","author":"Elia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2014.12.020","article-title":"A survey on life prediction of equipment","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.09.047","article-title":"A review on maintenance optimization","volume":"285","author":"Scarf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6125(02)80162-5","article-title":"Disassembly modeling, planning, and application","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.08.326","article-title":"Towards a framework to design upgradable product service systems","volume":"78","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13243-018-0064-8","article-title":"Circular economy assessment tool for end of life product recovery strategies","volume":"9","author":"Alamerew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Remanufacturing"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomsma, F., Pieroni, M., Kravchenko, M., Pigosso, D.C.A., Hildenbrand, J., Kristinsdottir, A.R., Kristoffersen, E., Shabazi, S., Nielsen, K.D., and J\u00f6nbrink, A.K. (2019). Developing a circular strategies framework for manufacturing companies to support circular economy-oriented innovation. J. Clean. Prod., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118271"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.11.129","article-title":"Exploring Circular Strategy Combinations\u2014Towards Understanding the Role of PSS","volume":"69","author":"Blomsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-015-0022-y","article-title":"Design method for developing a product recovery management system based on life cycle information","volume":"2","author":"Um","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104553","article-title":"Targets for a circular economy","volume":"153","author":"Morseletto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.11.064","article-title":"A hybrid approach to support recovery strategies (A case study)","volume":"113","author":"Dehghanbaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2307\/41165792","article-title":"Strategic Issues in Product Recovery Management","volume":"37","author":"Thierry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.02.065","article-title":"Multiple generation life-cycles for product sustainability: The way forward","volume":"95","author":"Go","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.079","article-title":"Lifespan Extension for Environmental Benefits: A new Concept of Products with Several Distinct Usage Phases","volume":"47","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"308","article-title":"Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy","volume":"33","author":"Bocken","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Den Hollander, M.C., and Bakker, C. (2012, January 29\u201330). A business model framework for product life extension. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference Sustainable Innovation 2012, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.02.011","article-title":"End-of-life decision tool with emphasis on remanufacturing","volume":"148","author":"Paterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X16628981","article-title":"Clarifying the disagreements on various reuse options: Repair, recondition, refurbish and remanufacture","volume":"34","author":"Gharfalkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1080\/13528160512331326440","article-title":"A framework for identifying differences and similarities in the managerial competencies associated with different modes of product life extension","volume":"43","author":"Linton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.10.001","article-title":"A holistic approach for decision on selection of end-of-life products recovery options","volume":"65","author":"Ziout","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mulders, M., and Haarman, M. (2017). Predictive Maintenance 4.0, Predict the Unpredictable, PricewaterhouseCoopers. Available online: https:\/\/www.pwc.be\/en\/documents\/20171016-predictive-maintenance-4-0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Vermeulen, W.J.V., Reike, D., and Witjes, S. (2018). Circular Economy 3.0: Getting Beyond the Messy Conceptualization of Circularity and the 3R\u2019s, 4R\u2019s and More\u2026CEC4Europe Factbook, Circular Economy Coalition for Europe."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-005-0001-3","article-title":"Strategic evolution of eco-products: A product life cycle planning methodology","volume":"16","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bakker, J.D., van der Graaf, H.J., and van Noortwijk, J.M. (1999, January 13\u201315). Model of lifetime-extending maintenance. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.045","article-title":"Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?","volume":"146","author":"Moraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1134\/S0040601513010072","article-title":"Modern problems concerned with ensuring safe operation of heat-generating and mechanical equipment in extending its lifetime","volume":"60","author":"Rezinskikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simons, M. (2017). Comparing Industrial Cluster Cases to Define Upgrade Business Models for a Circular Economy. Dynamics of Long-Life Assets, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45438-2_17"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-012-0092-y","article-title":"Advanced model for maintenance management in a continuous improvement cycle: Integration into the business strategy","volume":"3","author":"Crespo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudice, F., La Rosa, G., and Risitano, A. (2003). Product Recovery-Cycles Design. Extension of Useful Life, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35637-2_10"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-017-9749-z","article-title":"Predictive maintenance: Strategic use of IT in manufacturing organizations","volume":"21","author":"March","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2019.12.072","article-title":"Life extension approach focusing on industrial and railway applications","volume":"19","author":"Coulon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Moseichuk, V., Bashkite, V., and Karaulova, T. (2010, January 22\u201324). Lifecycle extension for industrial equipment. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of DAAAM Baltic Industrial Engineering, Tallinn, Estonia."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.263","article-title":"Maintenance assistance application of Engineering to Order manufacturing equipment: A Product Service System (PSS) approach","volume":"51","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.02.131","article-title":"Avoiding Environmental Consequences of Equipment Failure via an LSTM-Based Model for Predictive Maintenance","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2013.10.006","article-title":"A corrective maintenance scheme for engineering equipment","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2019.09.001","article-title":"Midlife upgrade of capital equipment: A servitization-enabled, value-adding alternative to traditional equipment replacement strategies","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, C.J., Dinh, A.T., and Camargo, C.E. (2016, January 12\u201315). A maintenance production tool for support equipment lifecycle management. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE AUTOTESTCON, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AUTEST.2016.7589644"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2018.05.120","article-title":"A quantitative model of universalization, serialization and modularization on equipment systems","volume":"508","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104887","article-title":"Developing an indicator for material selection based on durability and environmental footprint: A Circular Economy perspective","volume":"160","author":"Mesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.07.021","article-title":"Sustainable asset management: A repair-replacement decision model considering environmental impacts, maintenance quality, and risk","volume":"136","author":"Abdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820701435799","article-title":"Remanufacturing strategies to support product design and redesign","volume":"19","author":"Zwolinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2005.11.028","article-title":"Integrated design of remanufacturable products based on product profiles","volume":"14","author":"Zwolinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2018.11.008","article-title":"A design for disassembly tool oriented to mechatronic product de-manufacturing and recycling","volume":"39","author":"Favi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2016.1270369","article-title":"A design for EoL approach and metrics to favour closed-loop scenarios for products","volume":"10","author":"Favi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2018.01.009","article-title":"A new remaining useful life estimation method for equipment subjected to intervention of imperfect maintenance activities","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.085","article-title":"Towards a framework of smart-circular systems: An integrative literature review","volume":"221","author":"Alcayaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingemarsdotter, E., Jamsin, E., Kortuem, G., and Balkenende, R. (2019). Circular strategies enabled by the internet of things\u2014A framework and analysis of current practice. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205689"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okorie, O., Salonitis, K., Charnley, F., Moreno, M., Turner, C., and Tiwari, A. (2018). Digitisation and the circular economy: A review of current research and future trends. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113009"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202015806002","article-title":"New promises AI brings into circular economy accelerated product design: A review on supporting literature","volume":"158","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Ospina, J., Gallagher, J., and Maher, P. (2019, January 18\u201320). Lifetime Extension by Design and a Fab Lab Level Digital Manufacturing Strategy: Tablet Case Study. Proceedings of the 3rd PLATE Conference, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Alcayaga, A., and Hansen, E.G. (2017). Smart-circular systems: A service business model perspective. Prod. Lifetimes Environ., 10\u201313."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, C., and Anumba, C.J. (2019, January 17\u201319). Digital Twins as the Next Phase of Cyber-Physical Systems in Construction. Proceedings of the 2019 ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482438.033"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M.W., Wildermuth, S., Gitzel, R., Boyaci, A., Gebhardt, J., Kaul, H., Amihai, I., Forg, B., Suriyah, M., and Leibfried, T. (2020). Integration of novel sensors and machine learning for predictive maintenance in medium voltage switchgear to enable the energy and mobility revolutions. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072099"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105047","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in IoT-enabled circular business model implementation\u2014A case study","volume":"162","author":"Ingemarsdotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickey, S., and Fitzpatrick, C. (2007). Signalling information from embedded sensors to promote lifetime extension in electrical and electronic equipment. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 76.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/76\/1\/012024"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.02.048","article-title":"Enabling Circular Economy Through Product Stewardship","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tygesen, U.T., Jepsen, M.S., Vestermark, J., Dollerup, N., and Pedersen, A. (2018, January 17\u201322). The True Digital Twin Concept for Fatigue Re-Assessment of Marine Structures. Proceedings of the ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 1: Offshore Technology, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2018-77915"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klishin, V.I., Gerike, B.L., and Mokrushev, A.A. (2020). The Development of Digital Technologies in Mining Machinery Technical Maintenance. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 795.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/795\/1\/012018"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2018.1552032","article-title":"Digital Twin for rotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturing","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Andrew, J.M. (2020, December 15). Digitalization Strategies to Extend Turbine Life. Available online: https:\/\/www.windsystemsmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1219-CW.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.120","article-title":"Assessment of the potential of a circular economy in open economies\u2014Case of Belgium","volume":"227","author":"Geerken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.014","article-title":"A taxonomy of circular economy indicators","volume":"207","author":"Saidani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.144","article-title":"Estimating energy consumption of injection moulding for environmental-driven mould design","volume":"168","author":"Matarrese","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.06.069","article-title":"Risk-based maintenance-Techniques and applications","volume":"142","author":"Arunraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s10556-012-9552-0","article-title":"Concept of methodological recommendations for estimating service life of industrial equipment based on service-life-safety studies","volume":"47","author":"Cherepanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Pet. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barni, A., Fontana, A., Menato, S., Sorlini, M., Canetta, L., Barni, A., Fontana, A., Menato, S., Sorlini, M., and Canetta, L. (2018, January 25\u201327). Exploiting the Digital Twin in the Assessment and Optimization of Sustainability Performances. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS), Madeira, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IS.2018.8710554"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1760159623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su13031117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13031117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}}}